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to enter the Navy

  • 1 to enter the navy

    English-Russian combinatory dictionary > to enter the navy

  • 2 enter

    ['entə(r)] 1.
    1) (go into) entrare in [room, building]; [ river] gettarsi in [ sea]
    2) (commence) entrare in, iniziare [phase, period]; iniziare [new term, final year]
    3) (join) iniziare [ profession]; entrare in [ firm]; partecipare a [race, competition]; iscriversi a [school, party]; arruolarsi in [ army]; entrare in, entrare a far parte di [EU]
    4) (put forward) iscrivere [competitor, candidate] ( for a); presentare [poem, picture] ( for a)
    5) (record) registrare [figure, fact]; (in diary) annotare, segnare [fact, appointment]

    to enter an item in the books — amm. registrare una voce in contabilità

    6) fig.

    to enter sb.'s mind o head — venire in mente a qcn

    7) inform. inserire [ data]
    2.
    1) (come in) entrare

    to enter for — iscriversi a [exam, race]

    •
    * * *
    ['entə]
    1) (to go or come in: Enter by this door.) entrare
    2) (to come or go into (a place): He entered the room.) entrare
    3) (to give the name of (another person or oneself) for a competition etc: He entered for the race; I entered my pupils for the examination.) iscrivere, iscriversi
    4) (to write (one's name etc) in a book etc: Did you enter your name in the visitors' book?) segnare
    5) (to start in: She entered his employment last week.) iniziare
    •
    - enter on/upon
    * * *
    enter /ˈɛntə(r)/
    n.
    (comput., = enter key) invio.
    ♦ (to) enter /ˈɛntə(r)/
    A v. t.
    1 entrare in: I entered the room, entrai nella stanza; The bullet entered his head, la pallottola gli forò il cranio; The campaign has entered its final stage, la campagna è entrata nella fase finale NOTA D'USO: - to enter o to go in?-
    2 iscriversi a; arruolarsi in; entrare in; intraprendere ( un'attività); darsi a: to enter a club, iscriversi a un circolo; to enter university, iscriversi all'università; to enter a race, iscriversi a una corsa; to enter the Navy, arruolarsi in marina; to enter a convent, entrare in convento; to enter the Church, farsi sacerdote (o prete); to enter the legal profession, intraprendere l'attività legale; darsi all'avvocatura; to enter politics, entrare in politica; darsi alla politica
    3 diventare parte di; penetrare in; inserirsi; iscrivere; mettere in lista: He entered his son at a private school, iscrisse suo figlio a una scuola privata; to enter a project for a competition, iscrivere un progetto a una gara; to enter one's name for st., iscriversi a qc.; mettersi in lista per qc.
    4 registrare; segnare; scrivere; annotare; inserire: I entered the date in my diary, segnai la data nella mia agenda; Please enter your name here, scriva qui il suo nome; DIALOGO → - Paying 2- Can you enter your PIN here please?, può inserire qui il suo PIN per favore?; He entered the sum in his account book, ha registrato la somma nel suo registro contabile; to enter in the minutes, mettere a verbale; to enter a word in a dictionary, registrare una parola in un dizionario; lemmatizzare una parola; (comput.) to enter data, inserire dati
    5 (comm.) registrare; riportare; portare; dichiarare: (rag.) to enter a sum on the credit side, registrare (o portare) una somma a credito; to enter in the ledger, riportare a mastro; to enter a ship [a cargo], registrare una nave [un carico] alla dogana; to enter goods in transit, dichiarare merci in transito ( alla dog.)
    6 (form.) presentare; sporgere; inoltrare; fare: to enter a complaint, presentare un reclamo; sporgere reclamo; (leg.) to enter evidence, presentare prove; to enter a bid at an auction, fare un'offerta all'asta
    7 (leg.) far mettere a verbale; iscrivere a ruolo; depositare ( un documento): to enter a plea of not guilty, dichiararsi innocente; to enter an appearance, costituirsi in giudizio; to enter a protest, fare un protesto (cambiario); to enter a suit for trial, iscrivere a ruolo una causa
    8 domare ( un cavallo); (cominciare ad) ammaestrare ( un cane)
    B v. i.
    1 entrare: Enter!, entra!; avanti!
    3 iscriversi: I've entered for the second race, mi sono iscritto alla seconda corsa
    ● (teatr., nelle didascalie) Enter, entra; entrano: Enter Kent [three women], entra Kent [entrano tre donne] □ to enter sb. 's head, passare per la testa: The idea never entered my head, l'idea non m'era mai passata per la testa □ (dog., naut.) to enter inwards [outwards], fare dichiarazione d'entrata [di uscita] dal porto □ ( boxe) to enter the ring, salire sul ring.
    * * *
    ['entə(r)] 1.
    1) (go into) entrare in [room, building]; [ river] gettarsi in [ sea]
    2) (commence) entrare in, iniziare [phase, period]; iniziare [new term, final year]
    3) (join) iniziare [ profession]; entrare in [ firm]; partecipare a [race, competition]; iscriversi a [school, party]; arruolarsi in [ army]; entrare in, entrare a far parte di [EU]
    4) (put forward) iscrivere [competitor, candidate] ( for a); presentare [poem, picture] ( for a)
    5) (record) registrare [figure, fact]; (in diary) annotare, segnare [fact, appointment]

    to enter an item in the books — amm. registrare una voce in contabilità

    6) fig.

    to enter sb.'s mind o head — venire in mente a qcn

    7) inform. inserire [ data]
    2.
    1) (come in) entrare

    to enter for — iscriversi a [exam, race]

    •

    English-Italian dictionary > enter

  • 3 navy

    ['neɪvɪ]
    n
    военно-морской флот, военно-морские силы
    - serve in the navy
    - enter the navy

    English-Russian combinatory dictionary > navy

  • 4 enter

    1. intransitive verb
    1) (go in) hineingehen; [Fahrzeug:] hineinfahren; (come in) hereinkommen; (walk into room) eintreten; (come on stage) auftreten

    enter Macbeth — (Theatre) Auftritt Macbeth

    enter into a building/another world — ein Gebäude/eine andere Welt betreten

    ‘Enter!’ — "Herein!"

    2) (announce oneself as competitor in race etc.) sich zur Teilnahme anmelden ( for an + Dat.)
    2. transitive verb
    1) (go into) [hinein]gehen in (+ Akk.); [Fahrzeug:] [hinein]fahren in (+ Akk.); [Flugzeug:] [hinein]fliegen in (+ Akk.); betreten [Gebäude, Zimmer]; eintreten in (+ Akk.) [Zimmer]; einlaufen in (+ Akk.) [Hafen]; einreisen in (+ Akk.) [Land]; (drive into) hineinfahren in (+ Akk.); (come into) [herein]kommen in (+ Akk.)

    has it ever entered your mind that...? — ist dir nie der Gedanke gekommen, dass...?

    2) (become a member of) beitreten (+ Dat.) [Verein, Organisation, Partei]; eintreten in (+ Akk.) [Kirche, Kloster]; ergreifen [Beruf]

    enter the army/[the] university — zum Militär/auf die od. zur Universität gehen

    enter teaching/medicine — den Lehr-/Arztberuf ergreifen

    3) (participate in) sich beteiligen an (+ Dat.) [Diskussion, Unterhaltung]; teilnehmen an (+ Dat.) [Rennen, Wettbewerb]
    4) (write) eintragen (in in + Akk.)

    enter something in a dictionary/an index — etwas in ein Wörterbuch/ein Register aufnehmen

    5)

    enter somebody/something/one's name for — jemanden/etwas/sich anmelden für [Rennen, Wettbewerb, Prüfung]

    6) (Computing) eingeben [Daten usw.]

    press enter — ‘Enter’ drücken

    Phrasal Verbs:
    - academic.ru/24497/enter_into">enter into
    * * *
    ['entə]
    1) (to go or come in: Enter by this door.) eintreten
    2) (to come or go into (a place): He entered the room.) eintreten
    3) (to give the name of (another person or oneself) for a competition etc: He entered for the race; I entered my pupils for the examination.) anmelden
    4) (to write (one's name etc) in a book etc: Did you enter your name in the visitors' book?) eintragen
    5) (to start in: She entered his employment last week.) anfangen
    •
    - enter into
    - enter on/upon
    * * *
    en·ter
    [ˈentəʳ, AM -ɚ]
    I. vt
    ▪ to \enter sth
    1. (go into) in etw akk hineingehen; (penetrate) in etw akk eindringen
    alcohol \enters the bloodstream through the stomach wall Alkohol gelangt durch die Magenwand in den Blutkreislauf
    to \enter a building/room ein Gebäude/Zimmer betreten
    to \enter a phase in eine Phase eintreten
    2. (insert) data, numbers etw eingeben; (insert into a register) etw eintragen; (register for) an etw dat teilnehmen, sich akk an etw dat beteiligen
    3. (join) etw dat beitreten, in etw akk eintreten
    ▪ to \enter sb for sth jdn für etw akk anmelden
    to \enter the college sein Studium [am College] beginnen
    to \enter the priesthood Priester werden
    to \enter school in die Schule kommen
    4. (make known) etw einreichen
    to \enter an action against sb gegen jdn Klage erheben [o einreichen]
    to \enter appearance die Verteidigungsbereitschaft dem Gericht schriftlich anzeigen
    to \enter a bid ein Gebot abgeben
    to \enter a claim/counterclaim einen Rechtsanspruch/Gegenanspruch geltend machen
    to \enter judgment for sb in jds Namen ein Urteil erlassen [o eintragen]
    to \enter a protest Protest einlegen
    5.
    ▶ to \enter the fray (start fighting) sich akk ins Getümmel stürzen; (join a quarrel) sich akk in einen Streit einmischen
    II. vi
    1. THEAT auftreten, die Bühne betreten
    2. (register) anmelden
    ▪ to \enter for sth sich akk für etw akk [an]melden
    3. (bind oneself to)
    to \enter into an alliance/marriage ein Bündnis/die Ehe schließen
    to \enter into conversation with sb mit jdm ein Gespräch anknüpfen [o anfangen]
    to \enter into discussion sich akk an einer Diskussion beteiligen
    to \enter into negotiations in Verhandlungen eintreten, Verhandlungen aufnehmen
    due to the new targets various other factors \enter into the plan aufgrund der neuen Zielvorgaben müssen verschiedene zusätzliche Faktoren berücksichtigt werden
    the plaintiff \entered judgment für den Kläger erging ein Versäumnisurteil
    4. (begin)
    ▪ to \enter [up]on sth etw beginnen
    to \enter upon a career as sth eine Laufbahn als etw einschlagen
    to \enter on a new phase in ein neues Stadium treten
    5.
    ▶ to \enter into the spirit of things innerlich bei etw dat dabei sein
    * * *
    ['entə(r)]
    1. vt
    1) (towards speaker) hereinkommen in (+acc); (away from speaker) hineingehen in (+acc); (= walk into) building etc betreten, eintreten in (+acc); (= drive into) car park, motorway einfahren in (+acc); (= turn into) road etc einbiegen in (+acc); (= flow into river, sewage etc) münden in (+acc); (= penetrate bullet etc) eindringen in (+acc); (= climb into) train einsteigen in (+acc); (= cross border of) country einreisen in (+acc)

    the thought never entered my head or mind — so etwas wäre mir nie eingefallen

    that idea HAD entered my mind (iro) — auf diesen Gedanken bin ich tatsächlich gekommen

    2) (= join, become a member of) eintreten in (+acc)

    to enter the Army/Navy — zum Heer/zur Marine gehen

    3) (= record) eintragen (in in +acc); (COMPUT) data eingeben

    to enter sb's/one's name — jdn/sich eintragen

    4) (= enrol for school, exam etc) pupil anmelden; (for race, contest etc) horse melden; competitor anmelden
    5) (= go in for) race, contest sich beteiligen an (+dat)

    only amateurs could enter the race — es konnten nur Amateure an dem Rennen teilnehmen

    6) (= submit) appeal, plea einlegen
    7) (COMPUT) text etc eingeben
    2. vi
    1) (towards speaker) hereinkommen; (away from speaker) hineingehen; (= walk in) eintreten; (into bus etc) einsteigen; (= drive in) einfahren; (= penetrate bullet etc) eindringen; (= into country) einreisen
    2) (THEAT) auftreten
    3) (for race, exam etc) sich melden (for zu)
    3. n (COMPUT)
    * * *
    enter [ˈentə(r)]
    A v/t
    1. gehen oder kommen oder (ein)treten oder steigen oder fließen in (akk), betreten:
    enter a country in ein Land einreisen;
    enter the straight SPORT in die Gerade einbiegen
    2. a) SCHIFF, BAHN einlaufen oder einfahren in (akk)
    b) FLUG einfliegen in (akk)
    3. sich begeben in (akk), etwas aufsuchen:
    4. eindringen oder einbrechen in (akk)
    5. eindringen in (akk):
    the thought entered my head fig mir kam der Gedanke;
    it entered his mind es kam ihm in den Sinn
    6. fig eintreten in (akk), beitreten (dat):
    enter the army Soldat werden;
    enter politics in die Politik eintreten;
    enter sb’s service in jemandes Dienst treten;
    enter the university zu studieren beginnen;
    enter the war in den Krieg eintreten; → church A 5
    7. fig etwas antreten, beginnen, einen Zeitabschnitt, ein Werk anfangen
    8. a) einen Namen etc eintragen, -schreiben, jemanden aufnehmen, zulassen:
    enter one’s name ( oder o.s.) → B 2 a;
    be entered UNIV immatrikuliert werden;
    enter sb at a school jemanden zur Schule anmelden;
    enter sth into the minutes etwas protokollieren oder ins Protokoll aufnehmen
    b) COMPUT ein Wort etc eingeben ( into in akk)
    9. SPORT melden, nennen ( beide:
    for für):
    enter o.s. → B 2 b
    10. WIRTSCH (ver)buchen, eintragen:
    enter sth to sb’s debit jemandem etwas in Rechnung stellen, jemanden mit etwas belasten;
    enter sth on the invoice etwas auf die Rechnung setzen
    11. WIRTSCH, SCHIFF Waren deklarieren, Schiffe einklarieren:
    enter inwards (outwards) die Fracht eines Schiffes bei der Einfahrt (Ausfahrt) anmelden
    12. JUR ein Recht durch amtliche Eintragung wahren:
    enter an action eine Klage anhängig machen
    13. JUR besonders US Rechtsansprüche geltend machen auf (akk)
    14. einen Vorschlag etc einreichen, ein-, vorbringen:
    enter a protest Protest erheben oder einlegen;
    enter a motion PARL einen Antrag einbringen
    15. JAGD ein Tier abrichten
    16. TECH einfügen, -führen
    a) WIRTSCH einen Posten regelrecht buchen,
    b) JUR ein Urteil protokollieren (lassen)
    B v/i
    1. eintreten, herein-, hineinkommen, -gehen, (in ein Land) einreisen:
    I don’t enter in it fig ich habe damit nichts zu tun
    2. a) sich eintragen oder einschreiben oder anmelden ( for für)
    b) SPORT melden, nennen ( beide:
    for für)
    3. THEAT auftreten:
    Enter a servant ein Diener tritt auf (Bühnenanweisung)
    * * *
    1. intransitive verb
    1) (go in) hineingehen; [Fahrzeug:] hineinfahren; (come in) hereinkommen; (walk into room) eintreten; (come on stage) auftreten

    enter Macbeth — (Theatre) Auftritt Macbeth

    enter into a building/another world — ein Gebäude/eine andere Welt betreten

    ‘Enter!’ — "Herein!"

    2) (announce oneself as competitor in race etc.) sich zur Teilnahme anmelden ( for an + Dat.)
    2. transitive verb
    1) (go into) [hinein]gehen in (+ Akk.); [Fahrzeug:] [hinein]fahren in (+ Akk.); [Flugzeug:] [hinein]fliegen in (+ Akk.); betreten [Gebäude, Zimmer]; eintreten in (+ Akk.) [Zimmer]; einlaufen in (+ Akk.) [Hafen]; einreisen in (+ Akk.) [Land]; (drive into) hineinfahren in (+ Akk.); (come into) [herein]kommen in (+ Akk.)

    has it ever entered your mind that...? — ist dir nie der Gedanke gekommen, dass...?

    2) (become a member of) beitreten (+ Dat.) [Verein, Organisation, Partei]; eintreten in (+ Akk.) [Kirche, Kloster]; ergreifen [Beruf]

    enter the army/[the] university — zum Militär/auf die od. zur Universität gehen

    enter teaching/medicine — den Lehr-/Arztberuf ergreifen

    3) (participate in) sich beteiligen an (+ Dat.) [Diskussion, Unterhaltung]; teilnehmen an (+ Dat.) [Rennen, Wettbewerb]
    4) (write) eintragen (in in + Akk.)

    enter something in a dictionary/an index — etwas in ein Wörterbuch/ein Register aufnehmen

    5)

    enter somebody/something/one's name for — jemanden/etwas/sich anmelden für [Rennen, Wettbewerb, Prüfung]

    6) (Computing) eingeben [Daten usw.]

    press enter — ‘Enter’ drücken

    Phrasal Verbs:
    * * *
    n.
    Eintrag -ë m. v.
    betreten v.
    einfließen (Luft) v.
    eingeben v.
    einschreiben v.
    eintreten v.

    English-german dictionary > enter

  • 5 enter

    1. I
    1) let them enter пусть они войдут, впустите их; enter Macbeth входит Макбет (сценическая ремарка)
    2) the mark where the bullet had -ed входное отверстие пули
    2. II
    enter in some manner enter quickly (promptly, at once, boldly, unexpectedly, slowly, calmly, triumphantly, etc.) входить /проникать/ быстро и т.д.
    3. III
    enter smth.
    1) enter a room (a house, a building, a cave, a tunnel, a forest, an harbour, etc.) входить /проникать/ в комнату и т.д.; the army entered the pass армия вступила в ущелье; the bullet entered his heart пуля попала ему в сердце; such an idea never entered my head /my thoughts/ такая мысль никогда не приходила мне в голову
    2) enter a school ([а] college, [a] University, etc.) поступать в школу т.д.; enter the Army (the Navy, etc.) поступать на военную службу и т.д.; enter the legal profession стать юристом; enter the Church стать священником; enter a convent уйти в монастырь; enter a contest включиться в конкурс, принять участие в конкурсе /в соревновании/
    3) enter a name (a date, a sum, etc.) вписывать имя и т.д.; enter one's appearance зарегистрироваться /отметиться/ (на собрании); a deal регистрировать сделку; enter goods подавать таможенную декларацию [на провозимые товары]
    4. XI
    1) be entered in smth. who is entered in the race? кто принимает участие в гонках?
    5. XVI
    1) enter at /by/ smth. enter at a front door (at a gate, by a secret entrance, by a window, etc.) войти /проникнуть/ через парадную дверь и т.д.; enter into smth. enter into a building (into a room, into a courtyard, into an enclosure, etc.) входить /проникать/ в здание и т.д.; the arrow entered into his head стрела вонзилась ему в голову; enter into smb.'s calculations входить в чьи-л. расчеты; enter into one's interests соответствовать чьим-л. интересам; enter into general use войти в обиход, получить широкое распространение; when chance enters into it все решит случай, все решает случай; reason doesn't enter into it разум здесь ни при чем
    2) enter into smth. enter into business (into motion picture production, into politics, into public life, etc.) заняться предпринимательством и т.д.; enter into military service поступить на военную службу; enter into the game with great spirit с большим воодушевлением включиться в игру; enter into the bonds of matrimony вступить в брак, связать себя узами брака; enter into a partnership with smb. сделаться чьим-л. компаньоном, войти в долю с кем-л.; enter into agreement (into a compact /into a contract/, into a treaty, etc.) заключить соглашение, вступить /войти/ в соглашение и т.д.
    3) enter into smth. enter into this category (into the composition of smth., into their diet, etc.) входить /включаться/ в эту категорию и т.д.; subjects that do not enter into the question вопросы, не имеющие отношения к данной проблеме
    4) enter (up)on smth. enter upon one's duties (upon an undertaking, upon one's work with enthusiasm, upon a course of advanced study, etc.) приступать к своим обязанностям и т.д.; enter upon a discussion (upon a subject, upon the consideration of the question, etc.) приступать /переходить/ к обсуждению и т.д.; enter upon a new life (on a new existence, upon a new career, etc.) начинать новую жизнь и т.д.; enter into smth. enter into conversation (into an argument, into further controversy, into correspondence with smb., etc.) вступать в разговор и т.д.; I don't want to enter into details /into particulars/ (into this subject, etc.) я не хочу входить /вдаваться/ в детали и т.д. /заниматься деталями и т.д./; enter into a state of war начать войну; enter (up)on /into /smth. enter upon a new phase (on a fresh stage, into the atomic stage, upon another era, etc.) вступать в новую фазу и т.д.; enter into/upon/ negotiations вступать в переговоры; enter into /on/ another term of office приступить к исполнению обязанностей в связи с новым сроком полномочий
    5) enter into smth. enter into smb.'s ideas (into smb.'s feelings, into smb.'s mood, etc.) разделять чьи-л. идеи /мысли/ и т.д. || enter into the spirit of smth. проникнуться духом чего-л.; enter into the spirit of their plan (into the spirit of the game, into the spirit of the text, into the spirit of the book, etc.) проникнуться духом их плана и т.д.; she entered into the spirit of the party она заразилась общим настроением
    6) enter for smth. enter for the examination (for a competition, for a race, for games, etc.) записаться на сдачу экзамена и т.д.; enter for the prize оспаривать приз
    7) enter into /upon/ smth. enter into an inheritance (into possession of smth., upon a property, etc.) вступать во владение наследством и т.д.
    6. XX1
    enter as smb. enter as a member (as a competitor, as a participant, etc.) записаться /зарегистрироваться/ в качестве члена и т.д.
    7. XXI1
    1) enter smth. without (by, from, etc.) smth. enter a hall by stealth (a laboratory without permission, a house from the rear, etc.) незамеченным /крадучись/ проникнуть в зал и т.д.; tile bullet entered the skull behind the right ear пуля пробила череп за правым ухом
    2) enter smb., smth. for smth. enter oneself /one's name/ for an examination (for a contest, for a future vacancy, for the university, etc.) записаться /внести свое имя/ в списки экзаменующихся и т.д.; enter a horse for a race (him for the high jump, a yacht for a regatta, etc.) включить лошадь в число /в состав/ участников соревнований и т.д.; parents enter their children in school родители [заранее] записывают своих детей в школу; enter smth., smb. in /on/ smth. enter the name in the list (him on the list of candidates, an engagement in a diary, an item in an account book, the account in the journal, this amount in the ledger, the amount.on the receipts, etc.) вносить/заносить, вписывать/ имя в список и т.д.; enter words in an alphabetical order располагать /записывать/ слова в алфавитном порядке; enter a complaint in court подать жалобу в суд; enter some money to smb. enter the sum tome запишите эту сумму на мой счет /на меня/ || enter an action against smb. возбудить дело против кого-л.
    8. XXII
    enter smth. without doing smth. enter a room (a house, an office, etc.) without knocking войти в комнату в т.д. без стука /не стучась/ XXIV enter smb. as smb. enter him as a member записать его в члены (какой-л. организации); he entered himself as a clerk он указал [в анкете], что работает клерком; at his birth his parents entered him as a future student of Eton при рождении родители записали его в Итонский колледж /внесли его в списки учеников Итонского колледжа/

    English-Russian dictionary of verb phrases > enter

  • 6 enter

    'entə
    1) (to go or come in: Enter by this door.) entrar
    2) (to come or go into (a place): He entered the room.) entrar (en)
    3) (to give the name of (another person or oneself) for a competition etc: He entered for the race; I entered my pupils for the examination.) inscribir(se)
    4) (to write (one's name etc) in a book etc: Did you enter your name in the visitors' book?) registrar
    5) (to start in: She entered his employment last week.) comenzar
    •
    - enter on/upon
    enter vb
    1. entrar
    2. presentarse / inscribirse
    3. anotar
    4. introducir
    tr['entəSMALLr/SMALL]
    1 (gen) entrar en
    2 (join) ingresar en; (school etc) matricularse en; (army etc) alistarse en
    3 (participate) participar en, tomar parte en; (register) inscribirse en
    ■ how many people have entered the race? ¿cuántos se han inscrito en la carrera?
    4 (write down, record) anotar, apuntar
    ■ have you entered it in the account? ¿lo has anotado en la cuenta?
    5 formal use (present for consideration, submit) formular, presentar
    1 (gen) entrar
    2 (theatre) entrar en escena
    \
    SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALL
    to enter into the spirit of something entrar en el ambiente de algo
    to enter somebody's head / enter somebody's mind pasarse por la cabeza de alguien, ocurrírsele a alguien
    enter ['ɛntər] vt
    1) : entrar en, entrar a
    2) begin: entrar en, comenzar, iniciar
    3) record: anotar, inscribir, dar entrada a
    4) join: entrar en, alistarse en, hacerse socio de
    enter vi
    1) : entrar
    2)
    to enter into : entrar en, firmar (unacuerdo), entablar (negociaciones, etc.)
    v.
    • entrar v.
    • ingresar v.
    • introducir (datos) v.

    I
    1. 'entər, 'entə(r)
    1)
    a) \<\<room/house/country\>\> entrar en, entrar a (esp AmL)

    to enter port — \<\<ship\>\> tomar puerto

    b) ( penetrate) entrar en
    2) ( begin) \<\<period/phase\>\> entrar en
    3)
    a) ( join) \<\<army\>\> alistarse en, entrar en; \<\<firm/organization\>\> entrar en, incorporarse a

    to enter the priesthood — hacerse* sacerdote

    b) ( begin to take part in) \<\<war/negotiations\>\> entrar en; \<\<debate/dispute\>\> sumarse a
    c) \<\<student/candidate\>\> presentar
    d) \<\<race\>\> inscribirse* (para tomar parte) en
    4)
    a) ( record - in register) inscribir*; (- in ledger, book) anotar, dar* entrada a
    b) ( Comput) dar* entrada a, introducir*
    5) ( Law)

    to enter a plea of guilty/not guilty — declararse culpable/inocente


    2.
    vi

    enter! — adelante! or pase!

    2)

    to enter (FOR something) — \<\<for competition/race\>\> inscribirse* (en algo); \<\<for examination\>\> presentarse (a algo)

    •
    Phrasal Verbs:

    II
    noun ( Comput) intro m
    ['entǝ(r)]
    1. VT
    1) (=go into, come into) [+ room, country, tunnel] entrar en; [+ bus, train] subir a

    • the ship entered harbour — el barco entró en el puerto

    • the thought never entered my head — jamás se me ocurrió, jamás se me pasó por la cabeza

    • to enter hospital — frm ingresar en el hospital

    2) (=penetrate) [+ market] introducirse en; (sexually) penetrar
    3) (=join) [+ army, navy] alistarse en, enrolarse en; [+ college, school] entrar en; [+ company, organization] incorporarse a, entrar a formar parte de; [+ profession] ingresar en, entrar en; [+ discussion, conversation] unirse a, intervenir en; [+ war] entrar en

    • he entered the church — se hizo sacerdote

    • he decided to enter a monastery — decidió hacerse monje

    • he entered politics at a young age — se metió en la política cuando era joven

    4) (=go in for) [+ live competition, exam] presentarse a; [+ race, postal competition] participar en, tomar parte en
    5) (=enrol) [+ pupil] (for school) matricular, inscribir; (for examination) presentar

    how many students are you entering this year? — ¿a cuántos alumnos presentas este año?

    to enter sth/sb for sth: he entered his son for Eton — matriculó or inscribió a su hijo en Eton

    6) (=write down) [+ name] escribir, apuntar; [+ claim, request] presentar, formular; (Econ) [+ amount, transaction] registrar, anotar; (Comm) [+ order] registrar, anotar
    7) (=begin) entrar en
    8) (Comput) [+ data] introducir
    9) (Jur)

    • to enter a plea of guilty/not guilty — declararse culpable/no culpable

    2. VI
    1) (=come in, go in) entrar

    enter! — frm ¡adelante!, ¡pase!

    2) (Theat) entrar en escena

    enter, stage left — entra en escena por la izquierda del escenario

    3)

    • to enter for — [+ live competition] (=put name down for) inscribirse en; (=take part in) presentarse a; [+ race, postal competition] (=put name down for) inscribirse en; (=take part in) participar en

    are you going to enter for the exam? — ¿te vas a presentar al examen?

    * * *

    I
    1. ['entər, 'entə(r)]
    1)
    a) \<\<room/house/country\>\> entrar en, entrar a (esp AmL)

    to enter port — \<\<ship\>\> tomar puerto

    b) ( penetrate) entrar en
    2) ( begin) \<\<period/phase\>\> entrar en
    3)
    a) ( join) \<\<army\>\> alistarse en, entrar en; \<\<firm/organization\>\> entrar en, incorporarse a

    to enter the priesthood — hacerse* sacerdote

    b) ( begin to take part in) \<\<war/negotiations\>\> entrar en; \<\<debate/dispute\>\> sumarse a
    c) \<\<student/candidate\>\> presentar
    d) \<\<race\>\> inscribirse* (para tomar parte) en
    4)
    a) ( record - in register) inscribir*; (- in ledger, book) anotar, dar* entrada a
    b) ( Comput) dar* entrada a, introducir*
    5) ( Law)

    to enter a plea of guilty/not guilty — declararse culpable/inocente


    2.
    vi

    enter! — adelante! or pase!

    2)

    to enter (FOR something) — \<\<for competition/race\>\> inscribirse* (en algo); \<\<for examination\>\> presentarse (a algo)

    •
    Phrasal Verbs:

    II
    noun ( Comput) intro m

    English-spanish dictionary > enter

  • 7 enter

    ['entə]
    1) (to go or come in: Enter by this door.) entrar
    2) (to come or go into (a place): He entered the room.) entrar
    3) (to give the name of (another person or oneself) for a competition etc: He entered for the race; I entered my pupils for the examination.) inscrever(-se)
    4) (to write (one's name etc) in a book etc: Did you enter your name in the visitors' book?) inscrever-se
    5) (to start in: She entered his employment last week.) entrar para
    •
    - enter on/upon
    * * *
    en.ter
    ['ent2] vt+vi 1 entrar, passar para dentro. the sum was entered to his credit / a importância foi lançada ao seu crédito. 2 dirigir-se, introduzir-se, penetrar, chegar. 3 filiar-se, associar-se, inscrever-se, matricular-se, alistar-se, ingressar. he entered the navy / ele alistou-se, entrou na marinha. he entered the university / ele matriculou-se na universidade. he entered a learned profession / ele abraçou uma profissão intelectual. 4 admitir, acolher, introduzir. I cannot enter into details / não posso entrar em detalhes. that does not enter into my plans / isto não se adapta às minhas intenções. 5 começar, iniciar, encetar, vir ao pensamento. it entered my mind / surgiu-me à idéia. 6 prestar serviço militar, sentar praça. 7 internar(-se). 8 registrar, anotar, aduanar. to enter the day-book / lançar no diário. 9 assumir compromissos. 10. entrar em cena. enter Romeo / Theat Romeu entra em cena. 11 iniciar um emprego. 12 dar entrada, apresentar (queixa). she entered an action / ela apresentou uma queixa. 13 participar. 14 celebrar acordo. to enter into an arrangement / entrar num acordo.

    English-Portuguese dictionary > enter

  • 8 enter **** en·ter

    ['ɛntə(r)]
    1. vt
    1) (go into: house, vehicle) entrare in, (road) prendere, (navy, army) arruolarsi in, (profession) intraprendere, (college, school) iscriversi a, (club) associarsi a, (debate, discussion, contest, competition) partecipare a
    2) (write down: name, amount, order) registrare, (Comput: data) immettere, inserire, introdurre

    to enter sb/sth for sth — (enrol: pupil, candidate, racehorse) iscrivere qn/qc a qc

    2. vi

    to enter for — (competition, race) iscriversi a

    •

    English-Italian dictionary > enter **** en·ter

  • 9 service

    (the ships of a country that are employed in trading, and their crews: His son has joined the merchant navy.) handelsflåte
    betjening
    I
    subst. \/ˈsɜːvɪs\/
    1) tjeneste, tjenestegjøring
    2) ( militærvesen) militærtjeneste, tjenestegjøring, krigstjeneste
    3) ( militærvesen) forsvarsgren, tjenestegren, forsvar
    4) ( militærvesen) tjenestetid
    5) ( militærvesen) betjening, behandling
    6) ( flertall services) service, tjeneste, samfunnstjeneste
    7) ( om offentlige tjenester) etat, verk, tjeneste, vesen, -verk, -vesen, forvaltning
    8) (teknikk osv.) service, regelmessig ettersyn
    • take the car in for service every 10, 000 kilometres
    9) servering, betjening, service
    10) servise
    11) tjeneste, hjelp, nytte, bruk
    den bilen kan bli til god nytte for deg, du kan få god bruk for den bilen
    • is it still in service?
    12) ( samferdsel) forbindelse, trafikk, turer, linje, strekning
    13) ( kirkelig) gudstjeneste, messe, forrettelse, rituale
    • shall we meet after service?
    14) ( sport) serve(ball)
    • whose service is it?
    15) ( jus) kunngjøring, forkynnelse, meddelelse
    16) ( økonomi) tjenesteytelse
    17) ( økonomi) ytelse, renter og avdrag
    18) ( sjøfart) omfletting av tau, kledning av tau
    19) ( landbruk) bedekning, paring
    20) ( gammeldags) ærbødig hilsen
    be at somebody's service stå til noens tjeneste
    be in somebody's service være i tjeneste hos noen
    be of service to somebody hjelpe noen, være noen til hjelp, være til nytte for noen
    be on active service være i aktiv tjeneste gjøre krigstjeneste
    branch of service ( militærvesen) våpenart, forsvarsgren
    do good service to somebody være til stor nytte for noen
    do\/perform the service of gjøre tjeneste som, tjenestegjøre som
    do\/render service tjenestegjøre, gjøre tjeneste
    enter the service of somebody la seg feste hos noen, trå i tjeneste for noen
    find something of service ha nytte av noe
    fit for service tjenestedyktig
    goods and services ( økonomi) varer og tjenester
    go out to service eller go into service gå\/reise ut og tjene, ta seg huspost
    go to service gå til gudstjeneste, gå til kirken
    local authority service kommunal tjeneste
    offer\/tender one's services tilby sine tjenester
    On His\/Her Majesty's Service ( som påskrift) tjenesteforsendelse
    on service i tjeneste, i tjenestesammenheng
    • is he still on active service?
    out of service uten tjeneste, ledig, arbeidsløs ute av drift
    innstilt, ute av drift
    the postal services postvesenet
    public medical service offentlig helsevesen
    put into service ta i bruk sette i trafikk
    retire from service avgå, søke avskjed, si opp
    round-the-clock service døgnet-rundt-service
    see active service kjempe, være med i krigen
    see some\/good service ( overført) være med på litt av hvert, oppleve mye
    service of a writ forkynnelse av stevning
    social services sosialomsorg, sosialtjeneste
    take service with feste seg bort hos, ta tjeneste hos
    take somebody into one's service ta noen i tjeneste, ansette noen
    II
    verb \/ˈsɜːvɪs\/
    1) betjene
    2) yte service (på)
    3) ta inn for service, etterse

    English-Norwegian dictionary > service

  • 10 service

    ̈ɪˈsə:vɪs I
    1. сущ.
    1) служба, занятие, работа to press smb. into service ≈ заставлять кого-л. служить to take smb. into one's service ≈ нанимать кого-л. meritorious service service record
    2) а) учреждение, подразделение (в компетенции которого находятся те или иные вопросы) б) служба obstetrical service ≈ служба родовспоможения
    3) обслуживание, оказание услуг, сервис to do, perform, provide, render a service ≈ предлагать услуги, обслуживать to introduce, offer service ≈ предлагать услуги to suspend a service ≈ временно прекращать обслуживание service charge ≈ плата за операцию (общераспространенный сбор за банковские услуги) emergency service ≈ неотложная помощь, скорая помощь orientation service ≈ служба профориентации per-call service ≈ плата по числу звонков
    4) сообщение, связь, движение;
    рейсы (between;
    from;
    to) to introduce service ≈ вводить сообщение to offer, provide service ≈ обеспечивать сообщение to run on a regular service ≈ обеспечивать регулярное сообщение to suspend service ≈ временно прекращать сообщение human services ≈ сфера услуг
    5) помощь, одолжение, услуга I am glad to be of service. ≈ Рад оказать услугу. at your service ≈ к вашим услугам Syn: help, use
    1., benefit
    1.
    6) а) государственная служба Civil Service ≈ государственная (гражданская) служба National Service ≈ воинская или трудовая повинность( в Англии) civil service ≈ государственная служба consular service ≈ консульская служба diplomatic service ≈ дипломатическая служба foreign service ≈ дипломатическая служба intelligence service ≈ секретная служба, разведывательная служба secret service ≈ секретная служба, разведывательная служба, разведка б) военная служба
    7) воен. род войск
    8) сервиз coffee service ≈ кофейный сервиз dinner service ≈ обеденный сервиз tea service ≈ чайный сервиз
    9) повестка, судебное извещение
    10) мор. клетневание
    11) спорт подача( мяча) to break smb.'s service ≈ отбить чью-л. подачу to hold one's service ≈ удерживать подачу to lose one's service ≈ проиграть подачу
    12) церк. служба, месса to hold a service ≈ служить службу burial service marriage service memorial service prayer service religious service evening service morning service noontime service sunrise service
    2. гл.
    1) обслуживать, служить, быть полезным Syn: serve
    2) а) амер. проводить технический осмотр, ремонтировать (машины и т. п.) She enjoyed her work, which consisted chiefly in running and servicing a powerful but tricky electric motor. ≈ Ей нравилась ее работа, которая заключалась в запуске и осуществлении текущего технического обеспечения электрического двигателя. б) заправлять горючим
    3) выплачивать проценты по долгу
    4) обеспечивать (чем-л.)
    5) случать( животных) II = service-tree услужение - domestic * домашняя работа, обязанности слуги - to be in( smb.'s) * быть слугой, служить (у кого-л.) - to go into /to, out to/ * пойти в прислуги - to take * with smb. поступать к кому-л. в прислуги - to take smb. into one's * нанимать кого-л., брать в услужение кого-л. - last week the cook left our * на прошлой неделе от нас ушла кухарка работа - hard * тяжелая работа - to be out of * быть без работы /без места/ - to go out of * уйти с работы - to reward smb. for his good * награждать кого-л. за хорошую службу - to be on detached * быть в командировке - to send smb. off on special * послать кого-л. со специальным заданием - he gives good * он хорошо работает, он отличный работник рабочий стаж, срок службы - prolonged meritorious * выслуга лет - to have ten years * иметь десятилетний стаж работы государственная служба - the Civil S. государственная /гражданская/ служба - to be in the Civil S. быть на гражданской /на государственной/ службе - the diplomatic *, (американизм) Foreign S. дипломатическая служба - the consular * консульская служба - on His Majesty's S. (сокр. O.H.M.S.) на службе его величества (форма франкирования официальной переписки) учреждение (ведающее специальной отраслью работы) - information * информационная служба - reporting *s отдел официальных отчетов (ООН) - administrative *s административный отдел( секретариата ООН) ;
    административные службы - typewriting * машинописное бюро служба - telegraph * телеграфная связь - communication * служба связи - railway *, * of trains железнодорожное сообщение - passenger * пассажирское сообщение - to restore normal train * восстановить регулярное движение поездов - to institute a new air * ввести новую линию воздушного сообщения - the telephone * is out of order телефонная связь нарушена - to operate regular *s from A. to B. установить регулярные рейсы между А. и Б. обслуживание, сервис - good * at a hotel хорошее обслуживание в гостинице - prompt * быстрое обслуживание - to give customers prompt * быстро обслуживать покупателей - medical * медицинское обслуживание - electric-light * обеспечение электроэнергией сфера услуг;
    обслуживание населения;
    служба быта, сервис - * workers работники, занятые в сфере обслуживания (продавцы, парикмахеры, официанты и т. п.) библиотечное обслуживание (тж. * to readers) - * catalogue служебный каталог - * fee плата за абонемент - * hours часы работы( библиотеки) военная служба - Selective S. (американизм) воинская повинность для отдельных граждан (по отбору) - active *, * with the colours действительная военная служба - to be called up for active * быть призванным на действительную военную службу - to do one's military * проходить военную службу - to be in the * служить в армии - length /period/ of * срок военной службы - fit for * годен к военной службе - to quit the * увольняться с военной службы - to be dismissed /discharged/ from the * быть уволенным с военной службы - to retire from * выйти в отставку - * ashore( морское) береговая служба - sea * служба на плавающих кораблях - examination * (морское) брандвахтенная /досмотровая/ служба - daily * (морское) служба корабельных нарядов( военное) вид вооруженных сил;
    род войск - the three *s - the army, the navy, the aviation три рода войск: сухопутные войска, военно-морской флот и военно-воздушные силы - what branch of the * do you expect to enter? в какой род войск вы будете зачислены? услуга, одолжение;
    помощь - to be at smb.'s * быть к чьим-л. услугам - I am at your * я к вашим услугам /в вашем распоряжении/ - to offer one's *s предлагать свои услуги - to be of * to smb. быть кому-л. полезным, пригодиться кому-л., сослужить кому-л. службу - glad to be of * to you рад быть вам полезным - to do /to render/ smb. a (great) * оказать кому-л. (большую) услугу - will you do me a *? окажите мне услугу - what good *s this pen has done me! эта ручка мне хорошо послужила! - you do yourself no * by such replies вы себе только вредите такими ответами - he didn't need the *s of an interpreter он не нуждался в услугах /в помощи/ переводчика - in gratitude for your valuable *s в благодарность за ваши неоценимые услуги - an exchange of friendly *s обмен дружескими услугами - the dictionary is of enormous * to students этот словарь оказывает большую помощь учащимся заслуга - great *s большие заслуги - prominent *s to the State выдающиеся заслуги перед государством - to exaggerate one's own *s преувеличивать собственные заслуги - for smb.'s past *s за прошлые заслуги сервиз - dinner * обеденный сервиз - a * of china фарфоровый сервиз прибор - toilet * туалетный прибор( церковное) богослужение, служба - morning * утренняя служба - burial * отпевание - marriage * венчание - baptismal * крестины - memorial * заупокойная служба, панихида - to attend a * присутствовать на богослужении - to conduct a * вести службу - are you going to *? ты идешь в церковь подача мяча (теннис) - your *! ваша подача! - strong * сильная подача - * ball мяч, вводимый в игру с подачи (юридическое) исполнение постановления суда;
    вручение( повестки и т. п.) ;
    судебное извещение - personal * личное оповещение - substituted * оповещение по почте - * of a writ копия распоряжения суда - * of attachment приведение в исполнение судебного постановления о взятии лица под стражу (сельскохозяйственное) случка - * period сервис-период (от отела до плодотворной случки) (морское) клетневание (техническое) эксплуатация - * instructions правила эксплуатации - * life эксплуатационный срок службы - a radio set with free 12 months * радиоприемник с гарантией на год > to have seen * быть в долгом употреблении, износиться > my overcoat has seen long * мое пальто уже износилось /отслужило свой век/ > his face has seen * по его лицу видно, что он не молод /что он видал виды/ военный;
    относящийся к вооруженным силам - * age (group) призывной возраст - * aviation военная авиация - * call уставной /служебный/ сигнал - * certificate служебное удостоверение;
    свидетельство - * chevron нашивка за шестимесячную службу на фронте - * families семьи военнослужащих - * number личный номер( военнослужащего) - * record послужной список - * ribbon орденская планка - * test испытания в войсках, войсковые испытания - * troops войска обслуживания;
    тыловые части и подразделения - * uniform /dress/ повседневная форма одежды - * unit обслуживающая часть - * weapon боевое оружие служебный - * entrance служебный вход - * call служебный телефонный разговор( особ. международный) - * stair черный ход - * benefits выходное пособие;
    (военное) льготы и привилегии военнослужащих - * conditions( техническое) условия эксплуатации /работы/ повседневный;
    прочный, ноский( об одежде) обслуживающий - * trades профессии, относящиеся к сфере обслуживания обслуживать производить осмотр и текущий ремонт - to * a car обслуживать автомобиль заправлять( горючим) - to * a car with gasoline заправлять машину горючим (ботаника) рябина домашняя (Pyrus domestica) - wild * кустарник или невысокое дерево с горькими плодами account solicitation ~ бюро рассмотрения ходатайств о предоставлении кредитов advisory ~ консультативная служба (например, по вопросам трудоустройства, профессиональной ориентации и т. д.) aftersales ~ послепродажное обслуживание ambulance ~ служба "Скорой помощи";
    "Скорая помощь" as a ~ в качестве услуги ~ услуга, одолжение;
    at your service к вашим услугам;
    to be of service быть полезным auxiliary ~ вспомогательная служба, дополнительная (побочная) служба bank transfer ~ банковские переводы bathing ~ банная служба ~ услуга, одолжение;
    at your service к вашим услугам;
    to be of service быть полезным bus ~ автобусное сообщение car hire ~ служба проката автомобилей care attendant ~s услуги по уходу за больными central care ~ центральная служба по уходу civic ~ служба общественных работ;
    участие( безработных) в общественных работах и в общественных службах civil alternative ~ альтернативная воинская служба на объектах общественного характер cleaning ~ служба по очистке территорий и удалению мусора client ~ обслуживание клиентов client ~ обслуживание клиентуры combined ~ смешанные перевозки community ~ государственная служба community ~ общинная служба community ~ социальное обеспечение complimentary limousine ~ бесплатное обслуживание автомобильным транспортом compulsory military ~ воинская повинность;
    обязательная воинская служба в течение установленного законом срока consultative ~ консультативная служба consumer ~ обслуживание потребителей courier ~ услуги курьера customer ~ вчт. обслуживание клиентов customer ~ обслуживание покупателя customer ~ предоставление услуг покупателю datel ~ вчт. система передачи по телефону кодированой информации dealing ~ обслуживание биржевых операций delayed ~ вчт. обслуживание с ожиданием diffusion ~ служба распространения direct debiting ~ банковские услуги по оформлению безналичных платежей divine ~ богослужение drop-in ~ служба помощи без предварительной записи (оказывает помощь алкоголикам, наркоманам, бездомным) educational ~ служба обучения (воспитания, переподготовки, переквалификации) elapsed ~ вчт. обслуживание выполненное до прерывания emergency call ~ телефонная служба скорой помощи employment ~ служба занятости employment ~ служба занятости;
    служба трудоустройства employment ~ служба по трудоустройству employment ~ служба трудоустройства environmental ~ экологическая служба escort ~ служба сопровождения;
    караульная служба exempt from military ~ освобожденный от военной службы extention ~ служба распространения знаний farm relief ~ служба содействия фермерским хозяйствам ferry ~ паромное сообщение ferry ~ служба морских перевозок financial ~ финансовая консультационная фирма financial ~ финансовое обслуживание free ~ бесплатная услуга freight ~ грузовые перевозки freight ~ предоставление транспортных услуг friendly visiting ~s бесплатные услуги на дому( оказываемые благотворительными организациями или отдельными лицами) goods ~ доставка товаров government ~ государственная служба gratuitions ~ бесплатная служба home-help ~ служба помощи по дому hourly ~ транс. почасовое обслуживание 24 hours social ~s круглосуточные социальные службы housing ~ жилищная служба information ~ вчт. информационная служба information ~ служба информации interpreter ~ служба перевода;
    служба переводчиков investment management ~ служба управления портфелем ценных бумаг investment ~ обслуживание инвестирования joint ~ совместное обслуживание limousine ~ прокат автомобиля с водителем line ~ рейсовое плавание mail ~ почтовая связь maximum debt ~ максимальная сумма процентов по долгу minimum debt ~ минимальное обслуживание долга municipal health ~ муниципальная служба здравоохранения national health ~ государственная служба здравоохранения news ~ служба новостей night ~ ночная служба non-military ~ невоенная служба, альтернативная гражданская служба non-military ~ невоенная служба nonpreemptive ~ вчт. обслуживание без прерывания nonpreferential ~ вчт. обслуживание без приоритета order booking ~ приказ об обслуживании ordered ~ вчт. обслуживание в порядке поступления ordinary ~ обычная услуга ordinary ~ обычное обслуживание out-patient ~ амбулаторное обслуживание outside ~ обслуживание силами посторонней организации parcel bulk ~ перевозка мелкой партии бестарного груза personal ~ личное вручение судебного приказа pharmaceutical ~ фармацевтмческая служба;
    фармацевтическое ослуживание phase ~ вчт. многофазное обслуживание phase-type ~ вчт. многофазное обслуживание placement ~ биржа труда placement ~ бюро трудоустройства placement ~ служба занятости police ~ полицейская служба postal ~ почтовая связь postal ~ почтовая служба preemptive ~ вчт. обслуживание с прерыванием premium ~ услуга, предоставляемая за дополнительную плату priority ~ вчт. обслуживание с приоритетом probationary ~ служба, исполняющая приговор о направлении на "испытание" property ~ услуги по управлению имуществом provide a ~ обеспечивать обслуживание provide a ~ оказывать услугу public employment ~ государственная служба занятости purchased ~ оплаченная услуга put into ~ вводить в эксплуатацию put into ~ включать в работу quantum ~ вчт. обслуживание порциями referral ~ справочная служба regular ~ регулярное сообщение regular ~ регулярные рейсы salvage ~ услуги по спасанию ~ церк. служба;
    to say a service отправлять богослужение security ~ служба безопасности selection for ~ выбор на обслуживание self-drive car-hire ~ прокат легкового автомобиля без водителя ~ attr. служебный;
    service record послужной список ~ by letter судебное извещение путем направления письма ~ by post судебное извещение по почте ~ in batches вчт. групповое обслуживание ~ in bulk групповое обслуживание ~ in cyclic order обслуживание в циклическом порядке ~ in random order обслуживание в случайном порядке ~ loss coefficient коэффициент простоя вследствие обслуживания ~ of court notice to pay debt вручение уведомления суда об уплате долга ~ of notice вручение извещения ~ of process повестка ~ of process процессуальное извещение, повестка ~ of process процессуальное извещение ~ of public lands эксплуатация государственных земель ~ of summons извещение, повестка о вызове в суд ~ on loan погашение долга ~ on loan уплата долга ~ attr. служебный;
    service record послужной список ~ time expectation математическое ожидание времени обслуживания ~ with privileged interruptions вчт. обслуживание с прерыванием ~ with waiting вчт. обслуживание с ожиданием ~ without interruption вчт. обслуживание без прерывания service = service-tree service-tree: service-tree бот. рябина домашняя ~ воен. род войск;
    the (fighting) services армия, флот и военная авиация services: services обслуживающие отрасли экономики ~ сфера услуг ~ услуги shuttle ~ движение туда и обратно( поездов, автобусов и т. п.), маятниковое движение single ~ вчт. обслуживание одиночных требований sitting ~ служба по присмотру за детьми на время отсутствия дома родителей social ~ социальная служба;
    социальное обслуживание social ~ социальная услуга social ~s социальные службы (например, службы здравоохранения, профилактики заболеванй и предотвращения несчастных случаев) services: social ~ общественные учреждения social ~ социальные услуги substituted ~ субститут личного вручения судебного приказа ~ служба;
    to take into one's service нанимать;
    to take service (with smb.) поступать на службу (к кому-л.) ~ служба;
    to take into one's service нанимать;
    to take service (with smb.) поступать на службу (к кому-л.) training ~ служба профподготовки transport ~ транспортная линия transport ~ транспортное обслуживание unarmed ~ альтернативная служба (вместо военной) useful ~ вчт. срок полезного использования videotex ~ служба видеотексной связи voluntary ~ добровольная служба, добровольное оказание услуг warranty ~ вчт. гарантийная наработка welfare ~ служба социального обеспечения

    Большой англо-русский и русско-английский словарь > service

  • 11 service

    I
    1. [ʹsɜ:vıs] n
    1. услужение

    domestic service - домашняя работа, обязанности слуги

    to be in (smb.'s) service - быть слугой, служить (у кого-л.)

    to go into /to, out to/ service - пойти в прислуги

    to take service with smb. - поступать к кому-л. в прислуги

    to take smb. into one's service - нанимать кого-л., брать в услужение кого-л.

    last week the cook left our service - на прошлой неделе от нас ушла кухарка

    2. 1) работа

    hard [disagreeable, fatiguing] service - тяжёлая [неприятная, утомительная] работа

    to be out of service - быть без работы /без места/

    to reward smb. for his good [for his long] service - награждать кого-л. за хорошую [за долгую] службу

    to send smb. off on special service - послать кого-л. со специальным заданием

    he gives good service - он хорошо работает, он отличный работник

    2) рабочий стаж, срок службы
    3. государственная служба

    the Civil Service - государственная /гражданская/ служба

    to be in the Civil Service - быть на гражданской /на государственной/ службе

    the diplomatic service, амер. Foreign Service - дипломатическая служба

    on His [on Her] Majesty's Service - (сокр. O.H.M.S.) на службе его [её] величества ( форма франкирования официальной переписки)

    2) служба

    telegraph [postal, telephone] service - телеграфная [почтовая, телефонная] связь

    railway service, service of trains - железнодорожное сообщение

    to restore normal train service - восстановить регулярное движение поездов

    to operate regular services from A. to B. - установить регулярные рейсы между А. и Б.

    3) обслуживание, сервис

    good [bad] service at a hotel [at a restaurant] - хорошее [плохое] обслуживание в гостинице [в ресторане]

    4) сфера услуг; обслуживание населения; служба быта, сервис

    service workers - работники, занятые в сфере обслуживания (продавцы, парикмахеры, официанты и т. п.)

    5) библиотечное обслуживание (тж. service to readers)
    5. военная служба

    National Service см. national II 1

    Selective Service - амер. воинская повинность для отдельных граждан ( по отбору)

    active service, service with the colours - действительная военная служба

    to be called up for active service - быть призванным на действительную военную службу

    length /period/ of service - срок военной службы

    to be dismissed /discharged/ from the service - быть уволенным с военной службы

    service ashore - мор. береговая служба

    examination service - мор. брандвахтенная /досмотровая/ служба

    daily service - мор. служба корабельных нарядов

    6. воен. вид вооружённых сил; род войск

    the three services - the army, the navy, the aviation - три рода войск: сухопутные войска, военно-морской флот и военно-воздушные силы

    what branch of the service do you expect to enter? - в какой род войск вы будете зачислены?

    7. 1) услуга, одолжение; помощь

    to be at smb.'s service - быть к чьим-л. услугам

    I am [the house is] at your service - я [дом] к вашим услугам /в вашем распоряжении/

    to be of service to smb. - быть кому-л. полезным, пригодиться кому-л., сослужить кому-л. службу

    to do /to render/ smb. a (great) service - оказать кому-л. (большую) услугу

    will you do me a service? - окажите мне услугу

    what good services this pen has done me! - эта ручка мне хорошо послужила!

    you do yourself no service by such replies - вы себе только вредите такими ответами

    he didn't need the services of an interpreter - он не нуждался в услугах /в помощи/ переводчика

    in gratitude for your valuable services - в благодарность за ваши неоценимые услуги

    the dictionary is of enormous service to students - этот словарь оказывает большую помощь учащимся

    2) заслуга

    great [immense, important] services - большие [огромные, важные] заслуги

    prominent [considerable] services to the State [to the cause of teaching and education] - выдающиеся [значительные] заслуги перед государством [в деле обучения и образования]

    for smb.'s past services - за прошлые заслуги

    8. 1) сервиз

    dinner [tea, coffee] service - обеденный [чайный, кофейный] сервиз

    2) прибор
    9. церк. богослужение, служба

    morning [evening, Sunday] service - утренняя [вечерняя, воскресная] служба

    memorial service - заупокойная служба, панихида

    are you going to service? - ты идёшь в церковь?

    10. подача мяча ( теннис)

    your service! - ваша подача!

    strong [weak] service - сильная [слабая] подача

    service ball - мяч, вводимый в игру с подачи

    11. юр. исполнение постановления суда; вручение (повестки и т. п.); судебное извещение

    service of attachment - приведение в исполнение судебного постановления о взятии лица под стражу

    12. с.-х. случка
    13. мор. клетневание
    14. тех. эксплуатация

    a radio set with free 12 months service - радиоприёмник с гарантией на год

    ♢ to have seen service - быть в долгом употреблении, износиться

    my overcoat has seen long service - моё пальто уже износилось /отслужило свой век/

    his face has seen service - по его лицу видно, что он не молод /что он видал виды/

    2. [ʹsɜ:vıs] a
    1. военный; относящийся к вооружённым силам

    service call - уставной /служебный/ сигнал

    service certificate - а) служебное удостоверение; б) свидетельство

    service test - испытания в войсках, войсковые испытания

    service troops - войска обслуживания; тыловые части и подразделения

    service uniform /dress/ - повседневная форма одежды

    2. служебный

    service benefits - а) выходное пособие; б) воен. льготы и привилегии военнослужащих

    service conditions - тех. условия эксплуатации /работы/

    3. повседневный; прочный, ноский ( об одежде)
    4. обслуживающий

    service trades - профессии, относящиеся к сфере обслуживания

    3. [ʹsɜ:vıs] v
    1. обслуживать
    2. производить осмотр и текущий ремонт

    to service a car [a radio-set, a ship] - обслуживать автомобиль [радиоприёмник, корабль]

    3. заправлять ( горючим)
    II [ʹsɜ:vıs] n бот.
    рябина домашняя ( Pyrus domestica)

    wild service - кустарник или невысокое дерево с горькими плодами

    НБАРС > service

  • 12 Historical Portugal

       Before Romans described western Iberia or Hispania as "Lusitania," ancient Iberians inhabited the land. Phoenician and Greek trading settlements grew up in the Tagus estuary area and nearby coasts. Beginning around 202 BCE, Romans invaded what is today southern Portugal. With Rome's defeat of Carthage, Romans proceeded to conquer and rule the western region north of the Tagus, which they named Roman "Lusitania." In the fourth century CE, as Rome's rule weakened, the area experienced yet another invasion—Germanic tribes, principally the Suevi, who eventually were Christianized. During the sixth century CE, the Suevi kingdom was superseded by yet another Germanic tribe—the Christian Visigoths.
       A major turning point in Portugal's history came in 711, as Muslim armies from North Africa, consisting of both Arab and Berber elements, invaded the Iberian Peninsula from across the Straits of Gibraltar. They entered what is now Portugal in 714, and proceeded to conquer most of the country except for the far north. For the next half a millennium, Islam and Muslim presence in Portugal left a significant mark upon the politics, government, language, and culture of the country.
       Islam, Reconquest, and Portugal Created, 714-1140
       The long frontier struggle between Muslim invaders and Christian communities in the north of the Iberian peninsula was called the Reconquista (Reconquest). It was during this struggle that the first dynasty of Portuguese kings (Burgundian) emerged and the independent monarchy of Portugal was established. Christian forces moved south from what is now the extreme north of Portugal and gradually defeated Muslim forces, besieging and capturing towns under Muslim sway. In the ninth century, as Christian forces slowly made their way southward, Christian elements were dominant only in the area between Minho province and the Douro River; this region became known as "territorium Portu-calense."
       In the 11th century, the advance of the Reconquest quickened as local Christian armies were reinforced by crusading knights from what is now France and England. Christian forces took Montemor (1034), at the Mondego River; Lamego (1058); Viseu (1058); and Coimbra (1064). In 1095, the king of Castile and Léon granted the country of "Portu-cale," what became northern Portugal, to a Burgundian count who had emigrated from France. This was the foundation of Portugal. In 1139, a descendant of this count, Afonso Henriques, proclaimed himself "King of Portugal." He was Portugal's first monarch, the "Founder," and the first of the Burgundian dynasty, which ruled until 1385.
       The emergence of Portugal in the 12th century as a separate monarchy in Iberia occurred before the Christian Reconquest of the peninsula. In the 1140s, the pope in Rome recognized Afonso Henriques as king of Portugal. In 1147, after a long, bloody siege, Muslim-occupied Lisbon fell to Afonso Henriques's army. Lisbon was the greatest prize of the 500-year war. Assisting this effort were English crusaders on their way to the Holy Land; the first bishop of Lisbon was an Englishman. When the Portuguese captured Faro and Silves in the Algarve province in 1248-50, the Reconquest of the extreme western portion of the Iberian peninsula was complete—significantly, more than two centuries before the Spanish crown completed the Reconquest of the eastern portion by capturing Granada in 1492.
       Consolidation and Independence of Burgundian Portugal, 1140-1385
       Two main themes of Portugal's early existence as a monarchy are the consolidation of control over the realm and the defeat of a Castil-ian threat from the east to its independence. At the end of this period came the birth of a new royal dynasty (Aviz), which prepared to carry the Christian Reconquest beyond continental Portugal across the straits of Gibraltar to North Africa. There was a variety of motives behind these developments. Portugal's independent existence was imperiled by threats from neighboring Iberian kingdoms to the north and east. Politics were dominated not only by efforts against the Muslims in
       Portugal (until 1250) and in nearby southern Spain (until 1492), but also by internecine warfare among the kingdoms of Castile, Léon, Aragon, and Portugal. A final comeback of Muslim forces was defeated at the battle of Salado (1340) by allied Castilian and Portuguese forces. In the emerging Kingdom of Portugal, the monarch gradually gained power over and neutralized the nobility and the Church.
       The historic and commonplace Portuguese saying "From Spain, neither a good wind nor a good marriage" was literally played out in diplomacy and war in the late 14th-century struggles for mastery in the peninsula. Larger, more populous Castile was pitted against smaller Portugal. Castile's Juan I intended to force a union between Castile and Portugal during this era of confusion and conflict. In late 1383, Portugal's King Fernando, the last king of the Burgundian dynasty, suddenly died prematurely at age 38, and the Master of Aviz, Portugal's most powerful nobleman, took up the cause of independence and resistance against Castile's invasion. The Master of Aviz, who became King João I of Portugal, was able to obtain foreign assistance. With the aid of English archers, Joao's armies defeated the Castilians in the crucial battle of Aljubarrota, on 14 August 1385, a victory that assured the independence of the Portuguese monarchy from its Castilian nemesis for several centuries.
       Aviz Dynasty and Portugal's First Overseas Empire, 1385-1580
       The results of the victory at Aljubarrota, much celebrated in Portugal's art and monuments, and the rise of the Aviz dynasty also helped to establish a new merchant class in Lisbon and Oporto, Portugal's second city. This group supported King João I's program of carrying the Reconquest to North Africa, since it was interested in expanding Portugal's foreign commerce and tapping into Muslim trade routes and resources in Africa. With the Reconquest against the Muslims completed in Portugal and the threat from Castile thwarted for the moment, the Aviz dynasty launched an era of overseas conquest, exploration, and trade. These efforts dominated Portugal's 15th and 16th centuries.
       The overseas empire and age of Discoveries began with Portugal's bold conquest in 1415 of the Moroccan city of Ceuta. One royal member of the 1415 expedition was young, 21-year-old Prince Henry, later known in history as "Prince Henry the Navigator." His part in the capture of Ceuta won Henry his knighthood and began Portugal's "Marvelous Century," during which the small kingdom was counted as a European and world power of consequence. Henry was the son of King João I and his English queen, Philippa of Lancaster, but he did not inherit the throne. Instead, he spent most of his life and his fortune, and that of the wealthy military Order of Christ, on various imperial ventures and on voyages of exploration down the African coast and into the Atlantic. While mythology has surrounded Henry's controversial role in the Discoveries, and this role has been exaggerated, there is no doubt that he played a vital part in the initiation of Portugal's first overseas empire and in encouraging exploration. He was naturally curious, had a sense of mission for Portugal, and was a strong leader. He also had wealth to expend; at least a third of the African voyages of the time were under his sponsorship. If Prince Henry himself knew little science, significant scientific advances in navigation were made in his day.
       What were Portugal's motives for this new imperial effort? The well-worn historical cliche of "God, Glory, and Gold" can only partly explain the motivation of a small kingdom with few natural resources and barely 1 million people, which was greatly outnumbered by the other powers it confronted. Among Portuguese objectives were the desire to exploit known North African trade routes and resources (gold, wheat, leather, weaponry, and other goods that were scarce in Iberia); the need to outflank the Muslim world in the Mediterranean by sailing around Africa, attacking Muslims en route; and the wish to ally with Christian kingdoms beyond Africa. This enterprise also involved a strategy of breaking the Venetian spice monopoly by trading directly with the East by means of discovering and exploiting a sea route around Africa to Asia. Besides the commercial motives, Portugal nurtured a strong crusading sense of Christian mission, and various classes in the kingdom saw an opportunity for fame and gain.
       By the time of Prince Henry's death in 1460, Portugal had gained control of the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeiras, begun to colonize the Cape Verde Islands, failed to conquer the Canary Islands from Castile, captured various cities on Morocco's coast, and explored as far as Senegal, West Africa, down the African coast. By 1488, Bar-tolomeu Dias had rounded the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa and thereby discovered the way to the Indian Ocean.
       Portugal's largely coastal African empire and later its fragile Asian empire brought unexpected wealth but were purchased at a high price. Costs included wars of conquest and defense against rival powers, manning the far-flung navel and trade fleets and scattered castle-fortresses, and staffing its small but fierce armies, all of which entailed a loss of skills and population to maintain a scattered empire. Always short of capital, the monarchy became indebted to bankers. There were many defeats beginning in the 16th century at the hands of the larger imperial European monarchies (Spain, France, England, and Holland) and many attacks on Portugal and its strung-out empire. Typically, there was also the conflict that arose when a tenuously held world empire that rarely if ever paid its way demanded finance and manpower Portugal itself lacked.
       The first 80 years of the glorious imperial era, the golden age of Portugal's imperial power and world influence, was an African phase. During 1415-88, Portuguese navigators and explorers in small ships, some of them caravelas (caravels), explored the treacherous, disease-ridden coasts of Africa from Morocco to South Africa beyond the Cape of Good Hope. By the 1470s, the Portuguese had reached the Gulf of Guinea and, in the early 1480s, what is now Angola. Bartolomeu Dias's extraordinary voyage of 1487-88 to South Africa's coast and the edge of the Indian Ocean convinced Portugal that the best route to Asia's spices and Christians lay south, around the tip of southern Africa. Between 1488 and 1495, there was a hiatus caused in part by domestic conflict in Portugal, discussion of resources available for further conquests beyond Africa in Asia, and serious questions as to Portugal's capacity to reach beyond Africa. In 1495, King Manuel and his council decided to strike for Asia, whatever the consequences. In 1497-99, Vasco da Gama, under royal orders, made the epic two-year voyage that discovered the sea route to western India (Asia), outflanked Islam and Venice, and began Portugal's Asian empire. Within 50 years, Portugal had discovered and begun the exploitation of its largest colony, Brazil, and set up forts and trading posts from the Middle East (Aden and Ormuz), India (Calicut, Goa, etc.), Malacca, and Indonesia to Macau in China.
       By the 1550s, parts of its largely coastal, maritime trading post empire from Morocco to the Moluccas were under siege from various hostile forces, including Muslims, Christians, and Hindi. Although Moroccan forces expelled the Portuguese from the major coastal cities by 1550, the rival European monarchies of Castile (Spain), England, France, and later Holland began to seize portions of her undermanned, outgunned maritime empire.
       In 1580, Phillip II of Spain, whose mother was a Portuguese princess and who had a strong claim to the Portuguese throne, invaded Portugal, claimed the throne, and assumed control over the realm and, by extension, its African, Asian, and American empires. Phillip II filled the power vacuum that appeared in Portugal following the loss of most of Portugal's army and its young, headstrong King Sebastião in a disastrous war in Morocco. Sebastiao's death in battle (1578) and the lack of a natural heir to succeed him, as well as the weak leadership of the cardinal who briefly assumed control in Lisbon, led to a crisis that Spain's strong monarch exploited. As a result, Portugal lost its independence to Spain for a period of 60 years.
       Portugal under Spanish Rule, 1580-1640
       Despite the disastrous nature of Portugal's experience under Spanish rule, "The Babylonian Captivity" gave birth to modern Portuguese nationalism, its second overseas empire, and its modern alliance system with England. Although Spain allowed Portugal's weakened empire some autonomy, Spanish rule in Portugal became increasingly burdensome and unacceptable. Spain's ambitious imperial efforts in Europe and overseas had an impact on the Portuguese as Spain made greater and greater demands on its smaller neighbor for manpower and money. Portugal's culture underwent a controversial Castilianization, while its empire became hostage to Spain's fortunes. New rival powers England, France, and Holland attacked and took parts of Spain's empire and at the same time attacked Portugal's empire, as well as the mother country.
       Portugal's empire bore the consequences of being attacked by Spain's bitter enemies in what was a form of world war. Portuguese losses were heavy. By 1640, Portugal had lost most of its Moroccan cities as well as Ceylon, the Moluccas, and sections of India. With this, Portugal's Asian empire was gravely weakened. Only Goa, Damão, Diu, Bombay, Timor, and Macau remained and, in Brazil, Dutch forces occupied the northeast.
       On 1 December 1640, long commemorated as a national holiday, Portuguese rebels led by the duke of Braganza overthrew Spanish domination and took advantage of Spanish weakness following a more serious rebellion in Catalonia. Portugal regained independence from Spain, but at a price: dependence on foreign assistance to maintain its independence in the form of the renewal of the alliance with England.
       Restoration and Second Empire, 1640-1822
       Foreign affairs and empire dominated the restoration era and aftermath, and Portugal again briefly enjoyed greater European power and prestige. The Anglo-Portuguese Alliance was renewed and strengthened in treaties of 1642, 1654, and 1661, and Portugal's independence from Spain was underwritten by English pledges and armed assistance. In a Luso-Spanish treaty of 1668, Spain recognized Portugal's independence. Portugal's alliance with England was a marriage of convenience and necessity between two monarchies with important religious, cultural, and social differences. In return for legal, diplomatic, and trade privileges, as well as the use during war and peace of Portugal's great Lisbon harbor and colonial ports for England's navy, England pledged to protect Portugal and its scattered empire from any attack. The previously cited 17th-century alliance treaties were renewed later in the Treaty of Windsor, signed in London in 1899. On at least 10 different occasions after 1640, and during the next two centuries, England was central in helping prevent or repel foreign invasions of its ally, Portugal.
       Portugal's second empire (1640-1822) was largely Brazil-oriented. Portuguese colonization, exploitation of wealth, and emigration focused on Portuguese America, and imperial revenues came chiefly from Brazil. Between 1670 and 1740, Portugal's royalty and nobility grew wealthier on funds derived from Brazilian gold, diamonds, sugar, tobacco, and other crops, an enterprise supported by the Atlantic slave trade and the supply of African slave labor from West Africa and Angola. Visitors today can see where much of that wealth was invested: Portugal's rich legacy of monumental architecture. Meanwhile, the African slave trade took a toll in Angola and West Africa.
       In continental Portugal, absolutist monarchy dominated politics and government, and there was a struggle for position and power between the monarchy and other institutions, such as the Church and nobility. King José I's chief minister, usually known in history as the marquis of Pombal (ruled 1750-77), sharply suppressed the nobility and the
       Church (including the Inquisition, now a weak institution) and expelled the Jesuits. Pombal also made an effort to reduce economic dependence on England, Portugal's oldest ally. But his successes did not last much beyond his disputed time in office.
       Beginning in the late 18th century, the European-wide impact of the French Revolution and the rise of Napoleon placed Portugal in a vulnerable position. With the monarchy ineffectively led by an insane queen (Maria I) and her indecisive regent son (João VI), Portugal again became the focus of foreign ambition and aggression. With England unable to provide decisive assistance in time, France—with Spain's consent—invaded Portugal in 1807. As Napoleon's army under General Junot entered Lisbon meeting no resistance, Portugal's royal family fled on a British fleet to Brazil, where it remained in exile until 1821. In the meantime, Portugal's overseas empire was again under threat. There was a power vacuum as the monarch was absent, foreign armies were present, and new political notions of liberalism and constitutional monarchy were exciting various groups of citizens.
       Again England came to the rescue, this time in the form of the armies of the duke of Wellington. Three successive French invasions of Portugal were defeated and expelled, and Wellington succeeded in carrying the war against Napoleon across the Portuguese frontier into Spain. The presence of the English army, the new French-born liberal ideas, and the political vacuum combined to create revolutionary conditions. The French invasions and the peninsular wars, where Portuguese armed forces played a key role, marked the beginning of a new era in politics.
       Liberalism and Constitutional Monarchy, 1822-1910
       During 1807-22, foreign invasions, war, and civil strife over conflicting political ideas gravely damaged Portugal's commerce, economy, and novice industry. The next terrible blow was the loss of Brazil in 1822, the jewel in the imperial crown. Portugal's very independence seemed to be at risk. In vain, Portugal sought to resist Brazilian independence by force, but in 1825 it formally acknowledged Brazilian independence by treaty.
       Portugal's slow recovery from the destructive French invasions and the "war of independence" was complicated by civil strife over the form of constitutional monarchy that best suited Portugal. After struggles over these issues between 1820 and 1834, Portugal settled somewhat uncertainly into a moderate constitutional monarchy whose constitution (Charter of 1826) lent it strong political powers to exert a moderating influence between the executive and legislative branches of the government. It also featured a new upper middle class based on land ownership and commerce; a Catholic Church that, although still important, lived with reduced privileges and property; a largely African (third) empire to which Lisbon and Oporto devoted increasing spiritual and material resources, starting with the liberal imperial plans of 1836 and 1851, and continuing with the work of institutions like the Lisbon Society of Geography (established 1875); and a mass of rural peasants whose bonds to the land weakened after 1850 and who began to immigrate in increasing numbers to Brazil and North America.
       Chronic military intervention in national politics began in 19th-century Portugal. Such intervention, usually commencing with coups or pronunciamentos (military revolts), was a shortcut to the spoils of political office and could reflect popular discontent as well as the power of personalities. An early example of this was the 1817 golpe (coup) attempt of General Gomes Freire against British military rule in Portugal before the return of King João VI from Brazil. Except for a more stable period from 1851 to 1880, military intervention in politics, or the threat thereof, became a feature of the constitutional monarchy's political life, and it continued into the First Republic and the subsequent Estado Novo.
       Beginning with the Regeneration period (1851-80), Portugal experienced greater political stability and economic progress. Military intervention in politics virtually ceased; industrialization and construction of railroads, roads, and bridges proceeded; two political parties (Regenerators and Historicals) worked out a system of rotation in power; and leading intellectuals sparked a cultural revival in several fields. In 19th-century literature, there was a new golden age led by such figures as Alexandre Herculano (historian), Eça de Queirós (novelist), Almeida Garrett (playwright and essayist), Antero de Quental (poet), and Joaquim Oliveira Martins (historian and social scientist). In its third overseas empire, Portugal attempted to replace the slave trade and slavery with legitimate economic activities; to reform the administration; and to expand Portuguese holdings beyond coastal footholds deep into the African hinterlands in West, West Central, and East Africa. After 1841, to some extent, and especially after 1870, colonial affairs, combined with intense nationalism, pressures for economic profit in Africa, sentiment for national revival, and the drift of European affairs would make or break Lisbon governments.
       Beginning with the political crisis that arose out of the "English Ultimatum" affair of January 1890, the monarchy became discredtted and identified with the poorly functioning government, political parties splintered, and republicanism found more supporters. Portugal participated in the "Scramble for Africa," expanding its African holdings, but failed to annex territory connecting Angola and Mozambique. A growing foreign debt and state bankruptcy as of the early 1890s damaged the constitutional monarchy's reputation, despite the efforts of King Carlos in diplomacy, the renewal of the alliance in the Windsor Treaty of 1899, and the successful if bloody colonial wars in the empire (1880-97). Republicanism proclaimed that Portugal's weak economy and poor society were due to two historic institutions: the monarchy and the Catholic Church. A republic, its stalwarts claimed, would bring greater individual liberty; efficient, if more decentralized government; and a stronger colonial program while stripping the Church of its role in both society and education.
       As the monarchy lost support and republicans became more aggressive, violence increased in politics. King Carlos I and his heir Luís were murdered in Lisbon by anarchist-republicans on 1 February 1908. Following a military and civil insurrection and fighting between monarchist and republican forces, on 5 October 1910, King Manuel II fled Portugal and a republic was proclaimed.
       First Parliamentary Republic, 1910-26
       Portugal's first attempt at republican government was the most unstable, turbulent parliamentary republic in the history of 20th-century Western Europe. During a little under 16 years of the republic, there were 45 governments, a number of legislatures that did not complete normal terms, military coups, and only one president who completed his four-year term in office. Portuguese society was poorly prepared for this political experiment. Among the deadly legacies of the monarchy were a huge public debt; a largely rural, apolitical, and illiterate peasant population; conflict over the causes of the country's misfortunes; and lack of experience with a pluralist, democratic system.
       The republic had some talented leadership but lacked popular, institutional, and economic support. The 1911 republican constitution established only a limited democracy, as only a small portion of the adult male citizenry was eligible to vote. In a country where the majority was Catholic, the republic passed harshly anticlerical laws, and its institutions and supporters persecuted both the Church and its adherents. During its brief disjointed life, the First Republic drafted important reform plans in economic, social, and educational affairs; actively promoted development in the empire; and pursued a liberal, generous foreign policy. Following British requests for Portugal's assistance in World War I, Portugal entered the war on the Allied side in March 1916 and sent armies to Flanders and Portuguese Africa. Portugal's intervention in that conflict, however, was too costly in many respects, and the ultimate failure of the republic in part may be ascribed to Portugal's World War I activities.
       Unfortunately for the republic, its time coincided with new threats to Portugal's African possessions: World War I, social and political demands from various classes that could not be reconciled, excessive military intervention in politics, and, in particular, the worst economic and financial crisis Portugal had experienced since the 16th and 17th centuries. After the original Portuguese Republican Party (PRP, also known as the "Democrats") splintered into three warring groups in 1912, no true multiparty system emerged. The Democrats, except for only one or two elections, held an iron monopoly of electoral power, and political corruption became a major issue. As extreme right-wing dictatorships elsewhere in Europe began to take power in Italy (1922), neighboring Spain (1923), and Greece (1925), what scant popular support remained for the republic collapsed. Backed by a right-wing coalition of landowners from Alentejo, clergy, Coimbra University faculty and students, Catholic organizations, and big business, career military officers led by General Gomes da Costa executed a coup on 28 May 1926, turned out the last republican government, and established a military government.
       The Estado Novo (New State), 1926-74
       During the military phase (1926-32) of the Estado Novo, professional military officers, largely from the army, governed and administered Portugal and held key cabinet posts, but soon discovered that the military possessed no magic formula that could readily solve the problems inherited from the First Republic. Especially during the years 1926-31, the military dictatorship, even with its political repression of republican activities and institutions (military censorship of the press, political police action, and closure of the republic's rowdy parliament), was characterized by similar weaknesses: personalism and factionalism; military coups and political instability, including civil strife and loss of life; state debt and bankruptcy; and a weak economy. "Barracks parliamentarism" was not an acceptable alternative even to the "Nightmare Republic."
       Led by General Óscar Carmona, who had replaced and sent into exile General Gomes da Costa, the military dictatorship turned to a civilian expert in finance and economics to break the budget impasse and bring coherence to the disorganized system. Appointed minister of finance on 27 April 1928, the Coimbra University Law School professor of economics Antônio de Oliveira Salazar (1889-1970) first reformed finance, helped balance the budget, and then turned to other concerns as he garnered extraordinary governing powers. In 1930, he was appointed interim head of another key ministry (Colonies) and within a few years had become, in effect, a civilian dictator who, with the military hierarchy's support, provided the government with coherence, a program, and a set of policies.
       For nearly 40 years after he was appointed the first civilian prime minister in 1932, Salazar's personality dominated the government. Unlike extreme right-wing dictators elsewhere in Europe, Salazar was directly appointed by the army but was never endorsed by a popular political party, street militia, or voter base. The scholarly, reclusive former Coimbra University professor built up what became known after 1932 as the Estado Novo ("New State"), which at the time of its overthrow by another military coup in 1974, was the longest surviving authoritarian regime in Western Europe. The system of Salazar and the largely academic and technocratic ruling group he gathered in his cabinets was based on the central bureaucracy of the state, which was supported by the president of the republic—always a senior career military officer, General Óscar Carmona (1928-51), General Craveiro Lopes (1951-58), and Admiral Américo Tómaz (1958-74)—and the complicity of various institutions. These included a rubber-stamp legislature called the National Assembly (1935-74) and a political police known under various names: PVDE (1932-45), PIDE (1945-69),
       and DGS (1969-74). Other defenders of the Estado Novo security were paramilitary organizations such as the National Republican Guard (GNR); the Portuguese Legion (PL); and the Portuguese Youth [Movement]. In addition to censorship of the media, theater, and books, there was political repression and a deliberate policy of depoliticization. All political parties except for the approved movement of regime loyalists, the União Nacional or (National Union), were banned.
       The most vigorous and more popular period of the New State was 1932-44, when the basic structures were established. Never monolithic or entirely the work of one person (Salazar), the New State was constructed with the assistance of several dozen top associates who were mainly academics from law schools, some technocrats with specialized skills, and a handful of trusted career military officers. The 1933 Constitution declared Portugal to be a "unitary, corporative Republic," and pressures to restore the monarchy were resisted. Although some of the regime's followers were fascists and pseudofascists, many more were conservative Catholics, integralists, nationalists, and monarchists of different varieties, and even some reactionary republicans. If the New State was authoritarian, it was not totalitarian and, unlike fascism in Benito Mussolini's Italy or Adolf Hitler's Germany, it usually employed the minimum of violence necessary to defeat what remained a largely fractious, incoherent opposition.
       With the tumultuous Second Republic and the subsequent civil war in nearby Spain, the regime felt threatened and reinforced its defenses. During what Salazar rightly perceived as a time of foreign policy crisis for Portugal (1936-45), he assumed control of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. From there, he pursued four basic foreign policy objectives: supporting the Nationalist rebels of General Francisco Franco in the Spanish Civil War (1936-39) and concluding defense treaties with a triumphant Franco; ensuring that General Franco in an exhausted Spain did not enter World War II on the Axis side; maintaining Portuguese neutrality in World War II with a post-1942 tilt toward the Allies, including granting Britain and the United States use of bases in the Azores Islands; and preserving and protecting Portugal's Atlantic Islands and its extensive, if poor, overseas empire in Africa and Asia.
       During the middle years of the New State (1944-58), many key Salazar associates in government either died or resigned, and there was greater social unrest in the form of unprecedented strikes and clandestine Communist activities, intensified opposition, and new threatening international pressures on Portugal's overseas empire. During the earlier phase of the Cold War (1947-60), Portugal became a steadfast, if weak, member of the US-dominated North Atlantic Treaty Organization alliance and, in 1955, with American support, Portugal joined the United Nations (UN). Colonial affairs remained a central concern of the regime. As of 1939, Portugal was the third largest colonial power in the world and possessed territories in tropical Africa (Angola, Mozambique, Guinea-Bissau, and São Tomé and Príncipe Islands) and the remnants of its 16th-century empire in Asia (Goa, Damão, Diu, East Timor, and Macau). Beginning in the early 1950s, following the independence of India in 1947, Portugal resisted Indian pressures to decolonize Portuguese India and used police forces to discourage internal opposition in its Asian and African colonies.
       The later years of the New State (1958-68) witnessed the aging of the increasingly isolated but feared Salazar and new threats both at home and overseas. Although the regime easily overcame the brief oppositionist threat from rival presidential candidate General Humberto Delgado in the spring of 1958, new developments in the African and Asian empires imperiled the authoritarian system. In February 1961, oppositionists hijacked the Portuguese ocean liner Santa Maria and, in following weeks, African insurgents in northern Angola, although they failed to expel the Portuguese, gained worldwide media attention, discredited the New State, and began the 13-year colonial war. After thwarting a dissident military coup against his continued leadership, Salazar and his ruling group mobilized military repression in Angola and attempted to develop the African colonies at a faster pace in order to ensure Portuguese control. Meanwhile, the other European colonial powers (Britain, France, Belgium, and Spain) rapidly granted political independence to their African territories.
       At the time of Salazar's removal from power in September 1968, following a stroke, Portugal's efforts to maintain control over its colonies appeared to be successful. President Americo Tomás appointed Dr. Marcello Caetano as Salazar's successor as prime minister. While maintaining the New State's basic structures, and continuing the regime's essential colonial policy, Caetano attempted wider reforms in colonial administration and some devolution of power from Lisbon, as well as more freedom of expression in Lisbon. Still, a great deal of the budget was devoted to supporting the wars against the insurgencies in Africa. Meanwhile in Asia, Portuguese India had fallen when the Indian army invaded in December 1961. The loss of Goa was a psychological blow to the leadership of the New State, and of the Asian empire only East Timor and Macau remained.
       The Caetano years (1968-74) were but a hiatus between the waning Salazar era and a new regime. There was greater political freedom and rapid economic growth (5-6 percent annually to late 1973), but Caetano's government was unable to reform the old system thoroughly and refused to consider new methods either at home or in the empire. In the end, regime change came from junior officers of the professional military who organized the Armed Forces Movement (MFA) against the Caetano government. It was this group of several hundred officers, mainly in the army and navy, which engineered a largely bloodless coup in Lisbon on 25 April 1974. Their unexpected action brought down the 48-year-old New State and made possible the eventual establishment and consolidation of democratic governance in Portugal, as well as a reorientation of the country away from the Atlantic toward Europe.
       Revolution of Carnations, 1974-76
       Following successful military operations of the Armed Forces Movement against the Caetano government, Portugal experienced what became known as the "Revolution of Carnations." It so happened that during the rainy week of the military golpe, Lisbon flower shops were featuring carnations, and the revolutionaries and their supporters adopted the red carnation as the common symbol of the event, as well as of the new freedom from dictatorship. The MFA, whose leaders at first were mostly little-known majors and captains, proclaimed a three-fold program of change for the new Portugal: democracy; decolonization of the overseas empire, after ending the colonial wars; and developing a backward economy in the spirit of opportunity and equality. During the first 24 months after the coup, there was civil strife, some anarchy, and a power struggle. With the passing of the Estado Novo, public euphoria burst forth as the new provisional military government proclaimed the freedoms of speech, press, and assembly, and abolished censorship, the political police, the Portuguese Legion, Portuguese Youth, and other New State organizations, including the National Union. Scores of political parties were born and joined the senior political party, the Portuguese Community Party (PCP), and the Socialist Party (PS), founded shortly before the coup.
       Portugal's Revolution of Carnations went through several phases. There was an attempt to take control by radical leftists, including the PCP and its allies. This was thwarted by moderate officers in the army, as well as by the efforts of two political parties: the PS and the Social Democrats (PPD, later PSD). The first phase was from April to September 1974. Provisional president General Antonio Spínola, whose 1974 book Portugal and the Future had helped prepare public opinion for the coup, met irresistible leftist pressures. After Spinola's efforts to avoid rapid decolonization of the African empire failed, he resigned in September 1974. During the second phase, from September 1974 to March 1975, radical military officers gained control, but a coup attempt by General Spínola and his supporters in Lisbon in March 1975 failed and Spínola fled to Spain.
       In the third phase of the Revolution, March-November 1975, a strong leftist reaction followed. Farm workers occupied and "nationalized" 1.1 million hectares of farmland in the Alentejo province, and radical military officers in the provisional government ordered the nationalization of Portuguese banks (foreign banks were exempted), utilities, and major industries, or about 60 percent of the economic system. There were power struggles among various political parties — a total of 50 emerged—and in the streets there was civil strife among labor, military, and law enforcement groups. A constituent assembly, elected on 25 April 1975, in Portugal's first free elections since 1926, drafted a democratic constitution. The Council of the Revolution (CR), briefly a revolutionary military watchdog committee, was entrenched as part of the government under the constitution, until a later revision. During the chaotic year of 1975, about 30 persons were killed in political frays while unstable provisional governments came and went. On 25 November 1975, moderate military forces led by Colonel Ramalho Eanes, who later was twice elected president of the republic (1976 and 1981), defeated radical, leftist military groups' revolutionary conspiracies.
       In the meantime, Portugal's scattered overseas empire experienced a precipitous and unprepared decolonization. One by one, the former colonies were granted and accepted independence—Guinea-Bissau (September 1974), Cape Verde Islands (July 1975), and Mozambique (July 1975). Portugal offered to turn over Macau to the People's Republic of China, but the offer was refused then and later negotiations led to the establishment of a formal decolonization or hand-over date of 1999. But in two former colonies, the process of decolonization had tragic results.
       In Angola, decolonization negotiations were greatly complicated by the fact that there were three rival nationalist movements in a struggle for power. The January 1975 Alvor Agreement signed by Portugal and these three parties was not effectively implemented. A bloody civil war broke out in Angola in the spring of 1975 and, when Portuguese armed forces withdrew and declared that Angola was independent on 11 November 1975, the bloodshed only increased. Meanwhile, most of the white Portuguese settlers from Angola and Mozambique fled during the course of 1975. Together with African refugees, more than 600,000 of these retornados ("returned ones") went by ship and air to Portugal and thousands more to Namibia, South Africa, Brazil, Canada, and the United States.
       The second major decolonization disaster was in Portugal's colony of East Timor in the Indonesian archipelago. Portugal's capacity to supervise and control a peaceful transition to independence in this isolated, neglected colony was limited by the strength of giant Indonesia, distance from Lisbon, and Portugal's revolutionary disorder and inability to defend Timor. In early December 1975, before Portugal granted formal independence and as one party, FRETILIN, unilaterally declared East Timor's independence, Indonesia's armed forces invaded, conquered, and annexed East Timor. Indonesian occupation encountered East Timorese resistance, and a heavy loss of life followed. The East Timor question remained a contentious international issue in the UN, as well as in Lisbon and Jakarta, for more than 20 years following Indonesia's invasion and annexation of the former colony of Portugal. Major changes occurred, beginning in 1998, after Indonesia underwent a political revolution and allowed a referendum in East Timor to decide that territory's political future in August 1999. Most East Timorese chose independence, but Indonesian forces resisted that verdict until
       UN intervention in September 1999. Following UN rule for several years, East Timor attained full independence on 20 May 2002.
       Consolidation of Democracy, 1976-2000
       After several free elections and record voter turnouts between 25 April 1975 and June 1976, civil war was averted and Portugal's second democratic republic began to stabilize. The MFA was dissolved, the military were returned to the barracks, and increasingly elected civilians took over the government of the country. The 1976 Constitution was revised several times beginning in 1982 and 1989, in order to reempha-size the principle of free enterprise in the economy while much of the large, nationalized sector was privatized. In June 1976, General Ram-alho Eanes was elected the first constitutional president of the republic (five-year term), and he appointed socialist leader Dr. Mário Soares as prime minister of the first constitutional government.
       From 1976 to 1985, Portugal's new system featured a weak economy and finances, labor unrest, and administrative and political instability. The difficult consolidation of democratic governance was eased in part by the strong currency and gold reserves inherited from the Estado Novo, but Lisbon seemed unable to cope with high unemployment, new debt, the complex impact of the refugees from Africa, world recession, and the agitation of political parties. Four major parties emerged from the maelstrom of 1974-75, except for the Communist Party, all newly founded. They were, from left to right, the Communists (PCP); the Socialists (PS), who managed to dominate governments and the legislature but not win a majority in the Assembly of the Republic; the Social Democrats (PSD); and the Christian Democrats (CDS). During this period, the annual growth rate was low (l-2 percent), and the nationalized sector of the economy stagnated.
       Enhanced economic growth, greater political stability, and more effective central government as of 1985, and especially 1987, were due to several developments. In 1977, Portugal applied for membership in the European Economic Community (EEC), now the European Union (EU) since 1993. In January 1986, with Spain, Portugal was granted membership, and economic and financial progress in the intervening years has been significantly influenced by the comparatively large investment, loans, technology, advice, and other assistance from the EEC. Low unemployment, high annual growth rates (5 percent), and moderate inflation have also been induced by the new political and administrative stability in Lisbon. Led by Prime Minister Cavaco Silva, an economist who was trained abroad, the PSD's strong organization, management, and electoral support since 1985 have assisted in encouraging economic recovery and development. In 1985, the PSD turned the PS out of office and won the general election, although they did not have an absolute majority of assembly seats. In 1986, Mário Soares was elected president of the republic, the first civilian to hold that office since the First Republic. In the elections of 1987 and 1991, however, the PSD was returned to power with clear majorities of over 50 percent of the vote.
       Although the PSD received 50.4 percent of the vote in the 1991 parliamentary elections and held a 42-seat majority in the Assembly of the Republic, the party began to lose public support following media revelations regarding corruption and complaints about Prime Minister Cavaco Silva's perceived arrogant leadership style. President Mário Soares voiced criticism of the PSD's seemingly untouchable majority and described a "tyranny of the majority." Economic growth slowed down. In the parliamentary elections of 1995 and the presidential election of 1996, the PSD's dominance ended for the time being. Prime Minister Antônio Guterres came to office when the PS won the October 1995 elections, and in the subsequent presidential contest, in January 1996, socialist Jorge Sampaio, the former mayor of Lisbon, was elected president of the republic, thus defeating Cavaco Silva's bid. Young and popular, Guterres moved the PS toward the center of the political spectrum. Under Guterres, the PS won the October 1999 parliamentary elections. The PS defeated the PSD but did not manage to win a clear, working majority of seats, and this made the PS dependent upon alliances with smaller parties, including the PCP.
       In the local elections in December 2001, the PSD's criticism of PS's heavy public spending allowed the PSD to take control of the key cities of Lisbon, Oporto, and Coimbra. Guterres resigned, and parliamentary elections were brought forward from 2004 to March 2002. The PSD won a narrow victory with 40 percent of the votes, and Jose Durão Barroso became prime minister. Having failed to win a majority of the seats in parliament forced the PSD to govern in coalition with the right-wing Popular Party (PP) led by Paulo Portas. Durão Barroso set about reducing government spending by cutting the budgets of local authorities, freezing civil service hiring, and reviving the economy by accelerating privatization of state-owned enterprises. These measures provoked a 24-hour strike by public-sector workers. Durão Barroso reacted with vows to press ahead with budget-cutting measures and imposed a wage freeze on all employees earning more than €1,000, which affected more than one-half of Portugal's work force.
       In June 2004, Durão Barroso was invited by Romano Prodi to succeed him as president of the European Commission. Durão Barroso accepted and resigned the prime ministership in July. Pedro Santana Lopes, the leader of the PSD, became prime minister. Already unpopular at the time of Durão Barroso's resignation, the PSD-led government became increasingly unpopular under Santana Lopes. A month-long delay in the start of the school year and confusion over his plan to cut taxes and raise public-sector salaries, eroded confidence even more. By November, Santana Lopes's government was so unpopular that President Jorge Sampaio was obliged to dissolve parliament and hold new elections, two years ahead of schedule.
       Parliamentary elections were held on 20 February 2005. The PS, which had promised the electorate disciplined and transparent governance, educational reform, the alleviation of poverty, and a boost in employment, won 45 percent of the vote and the majority of the seats in parliament. The leader of the PS, José Sôcrates became prime minister on 12 March 2005. In the regularly scheduled presidential elections held on 6 January 2006, the former leader of the PSD and prime minister, Aníbal Cavaco Silva, won a narrow victory and became president on 9 March 2006. With a mass protest, public teachers' strike, and street demonstrations in March 2008, Portugal's media, educational, and social systems experienced more severe pressures. With the spreading global recession beginning in September 2008, Portugal's economic and financial systems became more troubled.
       Owing to its geographic location on the southwestern most edge of continental Europe, Portugal has been historically in but not of Europe. Almost from the beginning of its existence in the 12th century as an independent monarchy, Portugal turned its back on Europe and oriented itself toward the Atlantic Ocean. After carving out a Christian kingdom on the western portion of the Iberian peninsula, Portuguese kings gradually built and maintained a vast seaborne global empire that became central to the way Portugal understood its individuality as a nation-state. While the creation of this empire allows Portugal to claim an unusual number of "firsts" or distinctions in world and Western history, it also retarded Portugal's economic, social, and political development. It can be reasonably argued that the Revolution of 25 April 1974 was the most decisive event in Portugal's long history because it finally ended Portugal's oceanic mission and view of itself as an imperial power. After the 1974 Revolution, Portugal turned away from its global mission and vigorously reoriented itself toward Europe. Contemporary Portugal is now both in and of Europe.
       The turn toward Europe began immediately after 25 April 1974. Portugal granted independence to its African colonies in 1975. It was admitted to the European Council and took the first steps toward accession to the European Economic Community (EEC) in 1976. On 28 March 1977, the Portuguese government officially applied for EEC membership. Because of Portugal's economic and social backwardness, which would require vast sums of EEC money to overcome, negotiations for membership were long and difficult. Finally, a treaty of accession was signed on 12 June 1985. Portugal officially joined the EEC (the European Union [EU] since 1993) on 1 January 1986. Since becoming a full-fledged member of the EU, Portugal has been steadily overcoming the economic and social underdevelopment caused by its imperial past and is becoming more like the rest of Europe.
       Membership in the EU has speeded up the structural transformation of Portugal's economy, which actually began during the Estado Novo. Investments made by the Estado Novo in Portugal's economy began to shift employment out of the agricultural sector, which, in 1950, accounted for 50 percent of Portugal's economically active population. Today, only 10 percent of the economically active population is employed in the agricultural sector (the highest among EU member states); 30 percent in the industrial sector (also the highest among EU member states); and 60 percent in the service sector (the lowest among EU member states). The economically active population numbers about 5,000,000 employed, 56 percent of whom are women. Women workers are the majority of the workforce in the agricultural and service sectors (the highest among the EU member states). The expansion of the service sector has been primarily in health care and education. Portugal has had the lowest unemployment rates among EU member states, with the overall rate never being more than 10 percent of the active population. Since joining the EU, the number of employers increased from 2.6 percent to 5.8 percent of the active population; self-employed from 16 to 19 percent; and employees from 65 to 70 percent. Twenty-six percent of the employers are women. Unemployment tends to hit younger workers in industry and transportation, women employed in domestic service, workers on short-term contracts, and poorly educated workers. Salaried workers earn only 63 percent of the EU average, and hourly workers only one-third to one-half of that earned by their EU counterparts. Despite having had the second highest growth of gross national product (GNP) per inhabitant (after Ireland) among EU member states, the above data suggest that while much has been accomplished in terms of modernizing the Portuguese economy, much remains to be done to bring Portugal's economy up to the level of the "average" EU member state.
       Membership in the EU has also speeded up changes in Portuguese society. Over the last 30 years, coastalization and urbanization have intensified. Fully 50 percent of Portuguese live in the coastal urban conurbations of Lisbon, Oporto, Braga, Aveiro, Coimbra, Viseu, Évora, and Faro. The Portuguese population is one of the oldest among EU member states (17.3 percent are 65 years of age or older) thanks to a considerable increase in life expectancy at birth (77.87 years for the total population, 74.6 years for men, 81.36 years for women) and one of the lowest birthrates (10.59 births/1,000) in Europe. Family size averages 2.8 persons per household, with the strict nuclear family (one or two generations) in which both parents work being typical. Common law marriages, cohabitating couples, and single-parent households are more and more common. The divorce rate has also increased. "Youth Culture" has developed. The young have their own meeting places, leisure-time activities, and nightlife (bars, clubs, and discos).
       All Portuguese citizens, whether they have contributed or not, have a right to an old-age pension, invalidity benefits, widowed persons' pension, as well as payments for disabilities, children, unemployment, and large families. There is a national minimum wage (€385 per month), which is low by EU standards. The rapid aging of Portugal's population has changed the ratio of contributors to pensioners to 1.7, the lowest in the EU. This has created deficits in Portugal's social security fund.
       The adult literacy rate is about 92 percent. Illiteracy is still found among the elderly. Although universal compulsory education up to grade 9 was achieved in 1980, only 21.2 percent of the population aged 25-64 had undergone secondary education, compared to an EU average of 65.7 percent. Portugal's higher education system currently consists of 14 state universities and 14 private universities, 15 state polytechnic institutions, one Catholic university, and one military academy. All in all, Portugal spends a greater percentage of its state budget on education than most EU member states. Despite this high level of expenditure, the troubled Portuguese education system does not perform well. Early leaving and repetition rates are among the highest among EU member states.
       After the Revolution of 25 April 1974, Portugal created a National Health Service, which today consists of 221 hospitals and 512 medical centers employing 33,751 doctors and 41,799 nurses. Like its education system, Portugal's medical system is inefficient. There are long waiting lists for appointments with specialists and for surgical procedures.
       Structural changes in Portugal's economy and society mean that social life in Portugal is not too different from that in other EU member states. A mass consumption society has been created. Televisions, telephones, refrigerators, cars, music equipment, mobile phones, and personal computers are commonplace. Sixty percent of Portuguese households possess at least one automobile, and 65 percent of Portuguese own their own home. Portuguese citizens are more aware of their legal rights than ever before. This has resulted in a trebling of the number of legal proceeding since 1960 and an eight-fold increase in the number of lawyers. In general, Portuguese society has become more permissive and secular; the Catholic Church and the armed forces are much less influential than in the past. Portugal's population is also much more culturally, religiously, and ethnically diverse, a consequence of the coming to Portugal of hundreds of thousands of immigrants, mainly from former African colonies.
       Portuguese are becoming more cosmopolitan and sophisticated through the impact of world media, the Internet, and the World Wide Web. A prime case in point came in the summer and early fall of 1999, with the extraordinary events in East Timor and the massive Portuguese popular responses. An internationally monitored referendum in East Timor, Portugal's former colony in the Indonesian archipelago and under Indonesian occupation from late 1975 to summer 1999, resulted in a vote of 78.5 percent for rejecting integration with Indonesia and for independence. When Indonesian prointegration gangs, aided by the Indonesian military, responded to the referendum with widespread brutality and threatened to reverse the verdict of the referendum, there was a spontaneous popular outpouring of protest in the cities and towns of Portugal. An avalanche of Portuguese e-mail fell on leaders and groups in the UN and in certain countries around the world as Portugal's diplomats, perhaps to compensate for the weak initial response to Indonesian armed aggression in 1975, called for the protection of East Timor as an independent state and for UN intervention to thwart Indonesian action. Using global communications networks, the Portuguese were able to mobilize UN and world public opinion against Indonesian actions and aided the eventual independence of East Timor on 20 May 2002.
       From the Revolution of 25 April 1974 until the 1990s, Portugal had a large number of political parties, one of the largest Communist parties in western Europe, frequent elections, and endemic cabinet instability. Since the 1990s, the number of political parties has been dramatically reduced and cabinet stability increased. Gradually, the Portuguese electorate has concentrated around two larger parties, the right-of-center Social Democrats (PSD) and the left-of-center Socialist (PS). In the 1980s, these two parties together garnered 65 percent of the vote and 70 percent of the seats in parliament. In 2005, these percentages had risen to 74 percent and 85 percent, respectively. In effect, Portugal is currently a two-party dominant system in which the two largest parties — PS and PSD—alternate in and out of power, not unlike the rotation of the two main political parties (the Regenerators and the Historicals) during the last decades (1850s to 1880s) of the liberal constitutional monarchy. As Portugal's democracy has consolidated, turnout rates for the eligible electorate have declined. In the 1970s, turnout was 85 percent. In Portugal's most recent parliamentary election (2005), turnout had fallen to 65 percent of the eligible electorate.
       Portugal has benefited greatly from membership in the EU, and whatever doubts remain about the price paid for membership, no Portuguese government in the near future can afford to sever this connection. The vast majority of Portuguese citizens see membership in the EU as a "good thing" and strongly believe that Portugal has benefited from membership. Only the Communist Party opposed membership because it reduces national sovereignty, serves the interests of capitalists not workers, and suffers from a democratic deficit. Despite the high level of support for the EU, Portuguese voters are increasingly not voting in elections for the European Parliament, however. Turnout for European Parliament elections fell from 40 percent of the eligible electorate in the 1999 elections to 38 percent in the 2004 elections.
       In sum, Portugal's turn toward Europe has done much to overcome its backwardness. However, despite the economic, social, and political progress made since 1986, Portugal has a long way to go before it can claim to be on a par with the level found even in Spain, much less the rest of western Europe. As Portugal struggles to move from underde-velopment, especially in the rural areas away from the coast, it must keep in mind the perils of too rapid modern development, which could damage two of its most precious assets: its scenery and environment. The growth and future prosperity of the economy will depend on the degree to which the government and the private sector will remain stewards of clean air, soil, water, and other finite resources on which the tourism industry depends and on which Portugal's world image as a unique place to visit rests. Currently, Portugal is investing heavily in renewable energy from solar, wind, and wave power in order to account for about 50 percent of its electricity needs by 2010. Portugal opened the world's largest solar power plant and the world's first commercial wave power farm in 2006.
       An American documentary film on Portugal produced in the 1970s described this little country as having "a Past in Search of a Future." In the years after the Revolution of 25 April 1974, it could be said that Portugal is now living in "a Present in Search of a Future." Increasingly, that future lies in Europe as an active and productive member of the EU.

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > Historical Portugal

  • 13 join

    ‹oin
    1. verb
    1) ((often with up, on etc) to put together or connect: The electrician joined the wires (up) wrongly; You must join this piece (on) to that piece; He joined the two stories together to make a play; The island is joined to the mainland by a sandbank at low tide.) juntar, unir
    2) (to connect (two points) eg by a line, as in geometry: Join point A to point B.) unir
    3) (to become a member of (a group): Join our club!) hacerser socio de, afiliarse
    4) ((sometimes with up) to meet and come together (with): This lane joins the main road; Do you know where the two rivers join?; They joined up with us for the remainder of the holiday.) juntarse, confluir
    5) (to come into the company of: I'll join you later in the restaurant.) reunirse con, unirse a

    2. noun
    (a place where two things are joined: You can hardly see the joins in the material.) juntura
    - join hands
    - join in
    - join up
    join1 n juntura / costura
    join2 vb
    1. unir / juntar
    2. acompañar / reunirse
    will you join me for a coffee? ¿quieres tomar un café conmigo?
    3. reunirse
    4. hacerse socio / incorporarse / alistarse
    tr[ʤɔɪn]
    1 (bring together) juntar, unir
    2 (connect) unir, conectar
    3 (company etc) incorporarse a
    4 (armed forces) alistarse en; (police) ingresar en
    5 (club) hacerse socio,-a de
    6 (party) afiliarse a, ingresar en
    7 (be with somebody) reunirse con, unirse a
    ■ would you like to join us for the evening? ¿les gustaría pasar la tarde con nosotros?
    ■ will you join me in a whisky? ¿quiere tomar un whisky conmigo?
    1 juntarse, unirse
    2 (rivers) confluir; (roads) juntarse, empalmar
    1 juntura
    \
    SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALL
    join the club! ¡ya somos dos etc!
    to join battle with trabar batalla con
    to join forces aunar esfuerzos
    to join hands cogerse de las manos
    join ['ʤɔɪn] vt
    1) connect, link: unir, juntar
    to join in marriage: unir en matrimonio
    2) adjoin: lindar con, colindar con
    3) meet: reunirse con, encontrarse con
    we joined them for lunch: nos reunimos con ellos para almorzar
    4) : hacerse socio de (una organización), afiliarse a (un partido), entrar en (una empresa)
    join vi
    1) unite: unirse
    2) merge: empalmar (dícese de las carreteras), confluir (dícese de los ríos)
    3)
    to join up : hacerse socio, enrolarse
    v.
    • acoplar v.
    • adjuntar v.
    • adunar v.
    • agregar v.
    • asociar v.
    • combinar v.
    • juntar v.
    • ligar v.
    • reunir v.
    • reunirse con v.
    • trabar v.
    • unir v.
    • unirse a v.

    I
    1. dʒɔɪn
    1) (fasten, link) \<\<ropes/wires\>\> unir; ( put together) \<\<tables\>\> juntar

    I joined an extra length onto the hosepipe — le añadí or le agregué un trozo a la manguera

    to join hands — tomarse or (esp Esp) cogerse* de la mano

    2)
    a) (meet, keep company with)

    we're going for a drink, won't o will you join us? — vamos a tomar algo ¿nos acompañas?

    you go ahead, I'll join you later — ustedes vayan que ya iré yo luego

    may I join you? — ¿le importa si me siento aquí?

    won't o will you join us for dinner? — ¿por qué no cenan con nosotros?

    I'd like you all to join me in a toast to... — quiero proponer un brindis por..., propongo que brindemos todos por...

    my husband joins me in wishing you a speedy recovery — (frml) tanto mi marido como yo le deseamos una pronta recuperación

    3)
    a) ( become part of) unirse a, sumarse a

    I joined the course in November — empecé el curso en noviembre, me uní al grupo en noviembre

    b) ( become member of) \<\<club\>\> hacerse* socio de; \<\<union\>\> afiliarse a; \<\<army\>\> alistarse en; \<\<firm\>\> entrar en or (AmL tb) entrar a, incorporarse a
    4)
    b) ( get onto)

    2.
    vi
    1) to join (together) \<\<parts/components\>\> unirse; \<\<groups\>\> unirse

    to join WITH somebody IN -ING: they join with me in congratulating you — se unen a mis felicitaciones, se hacen partícipes de mi enhorabuena (frml)

    2) ( merge) \<\<streams\>\> confluir*; \<\<roads\>\> empalmar, unirse
    3) ( become member) hacerse* socio
    •
    Phrasal Verbs:

    II
    noun juntura f, unión f
    [dʒɔɪn]
    1. VT
    1) (=put together, link) [+ ends, pieces, parts] unir, juntar; [+ tables] juntar

    to join (together) two ends of a chain — unir or juntar dos extremos de una cadena

    to join A to B, to join A and B — unir or juntar A con B

    • join the dots to form a picture — una los puntos para formar un dibujo

    • to join hands — cogerse or (LAm) tomarse de la mano

    2) (=merge with) [+ river] desembocar en, confluir con; [+ sea] desembocar en; [+ road] empalmar con

    where does the River Wye join the Severn? — ¿a qué altura desemboca el Wye en el Severn?, ¿dónde confluye el Wye con el Severn?

    3) (=enter, become part of) [+ university, firm, religious order] ingresar en, entrar en; [+ club, society] hacerse socio de; [+ political party] afiliarse a, hacerse miembro de; [+ army, navy] alistarse en, ingresar en; [+ queue] meterse en; [+ procession, strike, movement] sumarse a, unirse a

    • join the club! * — ¡bienvenido al club!

    • to join forces (with sb to do sth) — (gen) juntarse (con algn para hacer algo); (Mil) aliarse (con algn para hacer algo); (Comm) asociarse (con algn para hacer algo)

    • we joined the motorway at junction 15 — nos metimos en la autopista por la entrada 15

    • to join one's ship — (=return to) volver a su buque; (=go on board) embarcar

    battle 1., 1), rank I, 1., 2)
    4) (=be with, meet) [+ person] acompañar a

    may I join you? — (at table) ¿les importa que les acompañe?

    will you join us for dinner? — ¿nos acompañas a cenar?, ¿cenas con nosotros?

    if you're going for a walk, do you mind if I join you? — si vais a dar un paseo, ¿os importa que os acompañe?

    will you join me in or for a drink? — ¿se toma una copa conmigo?

    join us at the same time next week for... — (Rad, TV) la próxima semana tiene una cita con nosotros a la misma hora en...

    Paul joins me in wishing you... — al igual que yo, Paul te desea...

    they should join us in exposing government corruption — deberían unirse or sumarse a nosotros para sacar a la luz la corrupción del gobierno

    2. VI
    1) (=connect) [ends, pieces, parts] unirse, juntarse
    2) (=merge) [roads] empalmar, juntarse; [rivers] confluir, juntarse; [lines] juntarse
    3)

    • to join together (to do sth) — (=meet) [people] reunirse (para hacer algo); (=unite) [groups, organizations] unirse (para hacer algo); (=pool resources) asociarse (para hacer algo)

    • to join with sb in doing sth — unirse a algn para hacer algo

    we join with you in hoping that... — compartimos su esperanza de que... + subjun, al igual que ustedes esperamos que... + subjun

    4) (=become a member) (of club) hacerse socio; (of political party) afiliarse, hacerse miembro
    3.
    N (in wood, crockery) juntura f, unión f ; (Tech) junta f
    * * *

    I
    1. [dʒɔɪn]
    1) (fasten, link) \<\<ropes/wires\>\> unir; ( put together) \<\<tables\>\> juntar

    I joined an extra length onto the hosepipe — le añadí or le agregué un trozo a la manguera

    to join hands — tomarse or (esp Esp) cogerse* de la mano

    2)
    a) (meet, keep company with)

    we're going for a drink, won't o will you join us? — vamos a tomar algo ¿nos acompañas?

    you go ahead, I'll join you later — ustedes vayan que ya iré yo luego

    may I join you? — ¿le importa si me siento aquí?

    won't o will you join us for dinner? — ¿por qué no cenan con nosotros?

    I'd like you all to join me in a toast to... — quiero proponer un brindis por..., propongo que brindemos todos por...

    my husband joins me in wishing you a speedy recovery — (frml) tanto mi marido como yo le deseamos una pronta recuperación

    3)
    a) ( become part of) unirse a, sumarse a

    I joined the course in November — empecé el curso en noviembre, me uní al grupo en noviembre

    b) ( become member of) \<\<club\>\> hacerse* socio de; \<\<union\>\> afiliarse a; \<\<army\>\> alistarse en; \<\<firm\>\> entrar en or (AmL tb) entrar a, incorporarse a
    4)
    b) ( get onto)

    2.
    vi
    1) to join (together) \<\<parts/components\>\> unirse; \<\<groups\>\> unirse

    to join WITH somebody IN -ING: they join with me in congratulating you — se unen a mis felicitaciones, se hacen partícipes de mi enhorabuena (frml)

    2) ( merge) \<\<streams\>\> confluir*; \<\<roads\>\> empalmar, unirse
    3) ( become member) hacerse* socio
    •
    Phrasal Verbs:

    II
    noun juntura f, unión f

    English-spanish dictionary > join

  • 14 barge

    barge [bα:dʒ]
    1. noun
    ( = enter) faire irruption ; ( = interrupt) interrompre la conversation
    [+ person] rentrer dans (inf)
    * * *
    [bɑːdʒ] 1.
    1) péniche f; ( freight only) chaland m
    2) ( for ceremony) barque f d'apparat
    3) ( in navy) vedette f
    2.
    transitive verb ( shove) bousculer [player, runner]
    3.
    Phrasal Verbs:

    English-French dictionary > barge

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